Useful contacts in fashion industry

Thinking about my future life and calling, long term purposes for this MA are to construct utile contacts in manner industry in UK, derive a existent penetration into the Ethical Manner Industry in UK, and hopefully finish a work arrangement at the Ethical Fashion Forum. In order to carry through my undertaking, I need to make the prognosis research of the Ethical Manner in UK and India in order to make to the best subject of my research. To finish this MA, good clip and undertaking managementskills is traveling to be one of my most of import challenges. Besides, my strong focal point would be on strategically be aftering and developing research accomplishments. Carry throughing my acquisition understanding ends will give me new understanding and cognition on the Ethical Manner Industry in UK and India. For accomplishing all of the above, I need to construct countless contacts with the manner interior decorator, concerns and administration concentrating upon sustainability in the manner industry in UK and India. Once, I have made adequate contacts and collected information ; I will so discourse and orate about my undertaking proposal. Ultimately, when I get an enthusiastic response, by looking at the success of Ethical Fashion Market, UK, I will so interchange those thoughts with Kakoli Banergee, Trustee, Satya – Jyoti Trust, India ; to join forces and explicate my undertaking program. If I receive a positive hope I would believe I have eventually completed my MA journey, successfully.ANSHU YADAVInvestigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and IndiaUndertaking PROPOSALTitleInvestigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and IndiaPurposeUnderstand the current scenario of ethical manner concern in India and associate to UK. Research UK ‘S ethical manner concern ; provi dea program for doing of a selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) for ethical manner manufacturer group and craftsmans in India.RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat is Ethical Fashion?Specifying Ethical MannerSustainability and ternary underside lineFinding out issues and patterns of Ethical MannerReviewing history of ethical mannerFast Fashion and Cheap FashionWhat is the market size of Ethical Fashion?Domestic ( INDIA ) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle.International ( UK ) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle.What is sustainable production and ingestion. Specifying the sustainable production and ingestionDomestic ( INDIA ) industry research on methods of sustainable production and ingestionInternational ( UK ) industry research on methods of sustainable production and ingestionSustainable Fashion manufacturer groups and their jobs in IndiaWhat are the assorted enfranchisement possibilities for set uping a sustainable manner concern in UK and India?Ethical criterions and LabelingTrade Tariffs and BarriersWhat is value concatenation?Specifying value concatenationResearch into associating the national ethical manner manufacturers and international purchasers and markets.RESEARCH METHODSMeasure: Case Study, Grounded Theory and Consumer reactions survey.Quality: Experimental AnalysisANSHUYADAVInvestigate into an Ethical Manner market in UK and India3. Primary Research: Focus on garnering information on ethical manner from India and UK3.1 Interviews with cardinal forum members of Ethical Fashion Forum, UK.3.2 Interviews with emerging manner and fabric interior decorators in sustainable design in UK and India.3.3 Social networking, for case, Face book,3.4 Fashion Business networking: Ethical Fashion Forum ( UK ) , Designer Forum ( UK ) , Ethical Trade Initiative ( UK ) , Craft grade ( India ) , Labour administrations, Manufacturers of Sustainable Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics.3.5 Personal contacts in the Fashion Industry will assist me derive appreciable attack.3.6 Questionnaires and Videos of assorted creative persons involved in Sustainable Manner patterns.3.7 International tendency and manner show visits. For case, London Fashion Week, London ; The Cloth Show, Birmingham ; Premier Vision, Paris3.8 Design institutes and authorities organic structures3.9 Non – Net income Administration, Satya – Jyoti Trust, India.4. Secondary Research: Concentrating on Ethical Fashion Forum in UK.4.1 Co – work with Ethical Fashion Forum as a research houseman, alongside an associate manager, roll uping research for EFF undertakings and events.4.2 To understand the deductions of explicating a selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) in India, for the sustainable Practioners.4.3 Analyze Journals ( MONOCLE, DRAPERS, FINANCIAL TIMES, ECO- TEXTILE ) Weekly Magazines ( TREND UNION, NEW CONSUMER, THE ECOLOGIST ) and Online Magazine ( THREAD ) , and Readings ( ECO- CHIC, BY SAND Y BLACK ; GREEN IS THE NEW BLACK, BY T BLANCHARD, BUSINESS ETHICS AND VALUES, BY PETE ENGARDIO ; SUSTAINABLE FASHION AND TEXTILES BY KATE FLETCHER.4.4Get studies from on-line Databases and Articles ( MINTLE, GMID, JUST STYLE.COM )5. Literature Research: Refer to BibliographyRational number OF MY PROJECTIn my position point ethical manner is the exciting topic to analyze as it has been catching the headlines within manner industry in recent times.It is the singularity in manner that allows us to look at sustainability in advanced ways. Therefore, Fashion provides an chance of consciousness for sustainability. Many sustainable patterns and motions are deriving impulse and traveling towards mainstream. Green edifices, insides, place merchandises and even green nuptialss and events are booming, yet manner is when embraced in sustainable ways, holds even greater impact potency. What is besides alone to manner, more so than other sustainable tracts, is that it is a big vehicle. Ethical manner besides interested me as it focuses on ailment patterns in the mills, poorness decrease, environment instruction, production and ingestion issues, with a strong attending on workers wellness ; in relation to the manner industries. Ethicall manner at a planetary degree has captured my involvement, for the really simple ground, that London manner has stepped frontward to advance ethical manner vesture. Top store, Marks and Spencer, Zara, Next, Europeon Fashion concatenation and USA Banana Republic are all specializing in â€Å"going green† . With a strong focal point on Ethical Fashion Forum ( UK ) , I want to cognize how to make such a non for net income administration, where the ethical manner manufacturer group, from field to mill to stop merchandise, exchange thoughts, collaborate and pass on efficaciously on assorted sustainable patterns and events.My cognition in Ethical Manner from UK wouldthen let me to supply the program of doing a successful selling organic structure ( Eco – Fashion Park ) for Ethical Fashion manufacturer groups and craftsmans of India, in India.GOALS AND OBJECTIVESLEANING GOAL 1:1.1 Clarity of ideas: Think profoundly for filtrating clear and in-depth information.1.2 Asse ssed: Bing able to make up one's mind the best concluding research subject.LEARNING GOAL 2:2.1 Quick and Accurate Reading: discover to read relevant subjects and fast. Besides to better drumhead and note taking accomplishments, to be able to use utile informations resource at clip of digest of my undertaking.2.2 Assessed: Leting myself to do reading list and note returns wonts.LEARNING GOAL 3:3.1 Professional Writing and Presentation Skills: enhance my English speech production and composing accomplishments, professional attack towards any assigned undertaking and entries.3.2 Assessed: Confidently being able to joint and present myPGC Presentation and Learning Agreement.LEARNING GOAL 4:4.1 Project – Planning and Self – Time Management Skills: Producing a comprehensive undertaking proposal with a proposed attack, research way and agenda to be followed.4.2 Assessed: Bing able to bring forth a timely entry of Project Proposal.LEARNING GOAL 5:5.1 Professional Cognition: Hi story of Ethical Fashion Design, Business and Industry, increased consciousness of Ethical Fashion Business in planetary context.5.2 Assessed: Bing able to near future research stage professionally.LEARNING GOAL 6:6.1 International Work Experience Placement: Co- work with Ethical Fashion Forum to derive more cognition about Ethical Manner6.2 Assessed: Possible Case Studies and Personal Growth of improved synergistic accomplishments.LEARNING GOAL 7:7.1 Research orientation accomplishments: Better my research devising accomplishments, by ego apprehension and implementing them in my thesis.7.2 Assessed: Bing able to do a research oriented MA Dissertation in the last stage of research.Undertaking TERRAINResultKNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDINGUndertaking Proposal, presented in the PGC phaseProject related information aggregation and analysis, utilizing the primary and secondary research methodsLearning understanding: refer to this papersSelf clip directionSKILLS, QUALITIES AND ATTRIBUTESProjec t Management: refer to the undertaking clip frameLearning Contract Summary FormPlan of learning resources inside the University ( Oct- Nov 2008 )Reading relevant magazines and books in library and utilizing library larning resource to acquire the selling study which I needAttend the talks that are related to my undertaking proposalAttend undergraduate talks of Fashion and Textile Management.Ask inquiries about y research from my coach and supervisorMultiple photocopies of magazines, diaries, study and books from libraryPlan of learning resources outside the University ( Jan-June 2009 )Observe the magazine market from intelligence, studies, web logs, forum on web sitesMake contacts with the relevant industry or hopefully happen a research internship with Ethical Fashion Forum, UK, which can assist me derive the cognition of Sustainable Fashion and Textile industry.Maintain Chronofile ( My Research log book )Academic supportKeep in touch with supervisors and professors during making t he undertakingUse the library larning resource to obtain any relevant study that I need.Practical acquisitionTry to reach as many Fashion Designers, Sustainable Fashion Producer groups, consultancy ‘s and non for Net income Administrations.Interview the people who relate to my undertaking proposal and larn the accomplishments of communicating.Designation of larning demandsSuggestions from my supervisor and coachLectures which are related to my undertaking proposalLatest studies and intelligence on manner, design and ethical manner marketRoll up a batch of documentariesrelated to sudate stores and sustainable Manner and Textiles.Learn to acquire the sentiments from different people and understand Ethical consumer and manufacturer groups in UK and India.Besides interact with manner pupils and do pictures inquiring about their purchasing attitudes towards Ethical Fashion Clothing.Skills to sum up the information that I obtain during the researchSkills to take a precise note from interview ( primary research ) and books and picture ( secondary research )Designation of non-learning resource demandsEntree to university computing machine which has professional package to bring forth my papers and seting exposures and imagesTarget day of the month for completion of undertaking proposal

How Far Do You Agree That the 1867 Reform Act Was Sucessfulte Essay

Additionally, the 1867 Reform Act also had a significant impact on the issues that were being addressed by politics. Whereas before, the aristocracy had basically decided what happened in the country, the act meant that issues were being brought to light that had never been discussed properly in public before. This was very important as it not only changed public but it also changed society too. Issues such as the legislation surrounding drinking, education and taxation were now being impacted on by the public actually expressing their feelings about them and this determined that the act had changed entirely how people viewed politics by shifting their focus from the individuals within politics to the actually political interests that they represented. For the first time, the act seemed to allow working-class people to feel indignant at how they were labelled uneducated within society and how they were blamed for society. It could be said that the Reform Act’s most important outcome was encouraging people to now speak up for what they believe in and to create a true democracy by exposing the flaws of the current political system that had kept hidden a system of suppression underneath a pretence of democracy. On the other hand, this outcome can be seen once again to only be attributing more to the argument that the most important outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was that that it had on the political parties. Whilst it did change the people, it also meant that individuals like Gladstone and Disraeli had to develop stronger personalities, more influential public speaking and just generally a more recognisable persona to get attention off the people and this changed politics, starting to transform it to what we recognise today with politicians attending school fairs and opening museums to get positive publicity. Whilst all of these outcomes were extremely important at the time, perhaps the most long-term and recognisable of all of the outcomes was the effect that the 1867 Reform Act did have on the political system and in particular, on the Liberals and Conservatives parties. Source 7 supports this view by introducing us to the idea of the ‘political machine’. The source shows how the Reform Act of 1867 meant that the political parties had to actually properly compete and make, sometimes unrealistic promises, to appeal to voters. It shows how this means that electioneering, the way the parties portrayed themselves and presentation of issues became much more important as politics became national and rotated around moral issues. Indeed this view does have a lot of weight in an argument. The political parties now were having to tread a careful line and keep a balance between the conflict of alienating the people with revolutionary political ideas and immediate actions to secure themselves as the strongest political parties. This meant that the Liberals and the Conservatives had to become united and professional. This impact was important as it meant that the political loyalty was created that we can recognise in politics today. Previously, parties had split up and conflicted over issues but following the act, politicians were forced to admit that they had to remain loyal to their own political party in order to get any success within the political circumstances. This outcome is so significant as it created the strong link that still exists today between political parties and the voters. The two different parties had to go to what they saw as extreme lengths to secure voters’ loyalty and to encourage them to vote. This included the setting up of party clubs and trips to places such as the seaside as rewards for people who promised to vote for a certain political party. In a way, it shows how this outcome was significant in advancing political organisation and professionalism yet in other ways it just maintained the old influential schemes that politicians used but at last, they had to actually be clever to use these rather than to blatantly bribe and influence people. They could still influence people, just as they had done with the open ballots, but this time they had to do it with rewards and false promises. To a certain extent, this can still be seen to be happening in our political system today. In conclusion, there were many outcomes of the 1867 Reform Act and all of these were significant in their own way. The impact of these can be seen clearly by the fact that they have triggered features of our own political system today, such as strong political personalities for politicians and ‘image-conscious’ newspapers and magazines. However, these all contributed to allowing the Liberals and the Conservatives parties to change and whilst individually they were significant impacts, the effect that they had on electorate always corresponded with an effect on the political parties. In this way, the most significant outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was the impact that it had on the Liberals and the Conservatives parties yet this would not have been significant or even have occurred independently of the impact that the act on the electorate themselves. This means that whilst we can identify an outcome of the act as the most important, it simply would not have had the effect that it did have without the other outcomes of the act, meaning that collectively they are important and making it extremely difficult to label the importance of the outcomes.

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING - Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING - Group Project - Essay Example Australia is an independent nation within the Commonwealth, and the powers of the Commonwealth are clearly stated in the constitution. At the same time, residual powers rest with the state. (Background Note: Australia, Nov 24, 2010). It is interesting to note that the literacy rate of Australia is over 99%, and this higher rate is achieved by the effectiveness of Australian education system. The Australian population was 22.3 million in 2010 and surveys indicate that the country maintains a population growth rate of 2.1% (ibid). Although the major part of Australian culture is derived from European roots, the country possesses its own cultural features also. In addition, as reported in Australian Immigration News (n.d.), immigration has played a crucial role in the development of Australian culture. The Australian political spectrum is dominated by three political parties, among which the Liberal Party (LP) and the National are more conservative (Shipping Australia). While the former represents urban business interests, the latter mainly deals with rural interests. Australian accounting system Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is responsible for developing and maintaining financial accounting standards in Australia. In Australia, traditional manual accounting system is largely replaced by accounting software or Accounting Information System (AIS). AASB timely makes amendments to the existing acts and rules so and forces certain industries to compulsorily comply with these proposed accounting standards. â€Å"The AASB’s policies and processes support the implementation of the AASB’s strategies relating to its international role and domestic topics and priorities† (AASB). Since the AASB has formulated separate accounting standards for, non-profit organizations and public and private sector organization, it assists the firms to prepare final financial statements effectively. It also gives considerable significance to domestic requir ements also and thereby contributes to the overall development of the country. Business environment Australia features a work force of 10.8 million, out of which manufacturing industry represents 9.1% and retail trade indicates 10.7% (Background Note: Australia, Nov 24, 2010). This data indicates that Australia could successfully distribute its workforce among manufacturing as well as retail sectors. As per the World Factbook statistics, the Inflation rate of Australia in March 2010 was 2.9% per year and this low inflationary level indicates that the nation could employ its different monetary tools successfully. In 2010, Australia earned $210.7 billion from trade exports, and the main export items include coal, iron ore, wool, alumina, meat, and wheat. At the same time, the country spent $200.4 billion on imports in 2007, and machineries, transport equipments, crude oil, and other petroleum products are the main elements of import trade (CIA, World Factbook). Dimensions The AASB tak es all efforts to merge Australian accounting practices with global financial reporting standards. Many business entities are forced to follow Australian Accounting Standards while preparing their books of accounts. This provision is mandated by Australian Corporations Act 2001. Factors

Check instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Check instruction - Essay Example 324). Islam had spread wide across the horn of Africa and the countries that lie north within two generations. Islam has been in African continent for many years since the formation of Arabian Peninsula. Although Sunni makes up the largest number of African Muslims, the complexity of African Islam is revealed in May schools of thought. Islam is not stagnant; it is constantly undergoing changes forced by economic, social and political conditions surrounding it. African Islam is commonly adapted to beliefs and cultural context of the local’s orthodoxies. Additions, both global and local; dimensions, are posed by Islam. The African Muslims mainly belong to the Sunni denomination. Despite this domination, a significant number of both the Shias and Ahmadiyya are also present. Many Sufis are known to be syncretic, and they practice Sufism with traditional folklore beliefs. Salafism is new, and it has started spreading in Africa due to many organizations and

My Role Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

My Role Model - Essay Example Eventually, she was fined. Nevertheless, this event sparked the Black people to organize themselves to protest against the injustices being served to the them in the leadership of King. Obviously, the less known bravery of the woman benefited a lot of people not only during her time but also during current times. Although modern equality does not satisfy the hero so much, it is still a great accomplishment that the Black people and other races in America are given greater chances to opportunities in contrast to the situations before and after World War II as a result of her act of defiance to the busing system. For me, standing out in the crowd of powerful and racist people is not only dangerous but life-threatening and so I look at Parks not as an ordinary courageous person but the picture of courage itself. In the midst of adversities, she stood strong and unshakeable. As a result, many people are enjoying the privileges of a peaceful and successful life. Courage is everywhere but only a handful few are able to embrace and use it. Among them is Rosa Parks, a person worthy of people’s praise and

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 - Assignment Example Economic dependency on maritime transportation refers to how a given country relies on maritime transportation as the countries’ main source of economic empowerment. The US has a 14% adjacency of its counties to the coastline and ends up generating a staggering 45% of the nations’ gross domestic product (GDP) and an average of 3 million jobs. A point that goes to prove how dependent we can be on maritime transportation for economic development (GAO-12-1009T, 2012). The maritime transportation security act was enacted by congress and signed into law by the then American president on November 25th, 2002 (S.3639, 2010). This law requires port facilities and vessels to carry out threat vulnerability assessments and come up with well developed and thought through security plans that is inclusive of passengers, vehicles and baggage screening parameters as well as establishing restricted areas, identification procedures and advanced surveillance systems (PUBLIC LAW, 2002). This compliance of this security act has resulted in the creation of a secure environment in the ports. The department of homeland security (DHS) is the lead agency responsible for the implementation of maritime transportation security act with the help of subsidiary bodies like the U.S, coast guard. The security act can be attributed to a number of challenges that include acquiring security port facility and vessels, a more interconnected port system with regard to new technologies and a much heightened international supply chain security. The maritime security act has also undergone challenges in program implementation and management, poor partnerships and collaboration, terrorism and funding (CRS Report for Congress, 2007). CRS Report for Congress. (2007, May 14). Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from CRS Report for Congress:

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business plan - Essay Example Thus, a business plan is essentially a road map for the organization to achieve its stated objectives (Tyson and Schell 2008). A bird’s eye view of the new institution and the education it proposes to impart With a veritable explosion in globalization and consequent exponential increase in business activities that span across continents and political frontiers the need for suitably educated and properly trained individuals to manage such gargantuan work load in an efficient and effective manner has also increased manifold. People who have an MBA (Masters in Business Administration) are equipped with precisely those skills that are required to manage transnational corporations and thus the craze for obtaining an MBA degree is increasing by leaps and bounds with each passing day (Scalzo 2008). GSBM intends to impart these much needed skills to young individuals who aspire to be dynamic managers of tomorrow. Thus, the mission statement of this new institution would be: To make st udents aware of the techniques and tools of management and how they could be applied in practical contexts To encourage students to develop their independent line of thinking and foster innovative ideas regarding various management issues and situations To adequately equip them to navigate the extremely competitive environs of global business To make students aware of cultural differences that exists across countries and continents as that is extremely necessary to successfully conduct a global business. The subjects that are intended to be taught at GSBM would include strategic management, marketing management, human resource management, adequate knowledge and expertise in finance and accounts, proper induction in the nuances of information technology, imparting the tools and techniques employed by managers in collecting business, and, most certainly, a sufficient knowledge about diverse cultures as cultural competency of an organization is imperative to survive and prosper in glob al market conditions. There is an immense impact of culture on negotiating process as negotiating practices vary from culture to culture and the manner in which people conduct themselves during negotiation process depends almost entirely on the cultural context of each country (Weiss 1994). Thus having a broad idea about prevailing cultures and being careful not to transgress the sensitivities of people belonging to alien cultures is an important lesson that any aspiring global manager needs to learn (Salacuse 1991). Market analysis of the proposed business school The institution would be a business school funded through private investments and would commence its operations initially in London with subsequent plans to open up subsidiaries, franchises or branches in Australia and India. The level of education and the course content would be totally at par with what is being

What causes wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What causes wars - Essay Example Second reason for failure to bargain is that resources that parties can take over through a war have higher benefits than the benefits that may be obtained from reaching an agreement (Schultz, 2001, p.55). Thirdly, there may be a difference between the benefits that the leaders foresee and the benefits that the population foresees. Fourthly, information about the advantages and disadvantages of having a war are unclear to both the parties and, lastly, agreement cannot be practiced because other parties involved are against all agreements. A war may end up lasting longer if both the sides fail to reach an agreement or if the sides keep realizing that the cost of war is lower than its benefit. While on the other hand, if a war starts as there is little or unclear information of the strength of the parties, and as the war continues and information becomes clearer, the possibility of reaching an agreement becomes higher and the chances of the war ending soon even increases. Reasons that lead to failure to bargain between two parties are considered as rational reasons for war, but in general there are various irrational causes of war (Levy, 2010, p.67). These causes have certain amount of rationality as these causes are related to bargaining failures. Religion has been a cause of war for several years, two countries or states having different religious believes fight against each other on the basis of war (Salter, 1932, p.21). In this cause of war, it is thought that there is no material involvement, while the idea behind this cause of war may be to eradicate the existence of the population of one religion or increasing the population of one of the religious party at war. In this cause of war, parties fail to reach an agreement as they believe that they are being directed to fight this war by a higher authority. Leaders in this kind of war fail to reach an agreement as

How the company seeks to deliver customer value Essay

How the company seeks to deliver customer value - Essay Example Introduction of the Apple Macintosh has engaged in numerous products launches that  have been met  with much anticipation. For instance, Apple iPhone  has been considered  an elegantly designed  device  for sending and receiving  information. The iPhone has a combination of  smart  phone capabilities with  natural  graphical interface projected on a large multi-touch display. Apple’s marketers focus on consumer behaviours in order to improve their marketing strategies and foster an understanding of how the consumer thinks feels and selects between various alternatives (Solomon, 10). These marketers also focus on psychology of consumers and influence of environmental conditions such as a culture, family, signs and media. In fact, this entails the focus on consumers’ behaviours while making purchases and other decisions. Nevertheless, there are limitations concerning consumer knowledge or ability to internalize information that can influence their de cisions and results of marketing strategies. On other hand, focusing on consumer behaviour considers motivation of the consumers to making various decisions strategies among different products in levels of significance and interest (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 4). Study of consumer behaviours enables Apple marketers to improve their marketing campaigns and strategies in a way that is effective in process of reaching the consumers. Therefore, this paper will focus exploring the way Apple deliver value to their customers based on the 4Ps, product, price, promotion, and place. Nonetheless, in order to understand the process through which Apple deliver quality to their customers, there is need to explore their relationship with consumer behaviour and marketing (Schiffman and Kanuk, 20). Moreover, there is need to focus on consumer reception to advertisements, and learning their schedule in advertising. On the other hand, Apple’s marketers have a great understanding of the way produc t are adopted by few consumers and a spread occurs later, leading to rest of the population learning that there are new products. In this case, as marketers, they ensure that the products are financed and available until the target market share is acquired. Besides, they focus on creating a good impression to the initial customers, since they take the role of influencing the other customers. 2. Organization’s Objectives Apple has revamped its products  and service line  in order to  offer  commodities, which could facilitate the delivery of the tightly integrated  experience  of the user. The Company has been making effort by remaining committed to the market with the PC products focusing on homes and lifestyles of the consumer. The Apple Inc has also sustained their  position  through technological innovations and new retail strategies. However, as a typical organization, Apple has several organizations’ objectives such as; 1. To offer quality products and services to customers in a way that meets their expectations. 2. To maintain their leadership in technology and device market, thereby sustaining their competitive advantage. 3. Maximize their profits and grow their organization, while remaining socially responsible in the community. 3. Product and Brand portfolio Product is an element used in referring to things that can be

Operation Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Operation Management - Research Paper Example Introduction Fairmont hotel is a leading traditional five star pit stop for many international tourists visiting Singapore. Due to high market penetration by various leading hotel chains Fairmont is anticipating a major shift in bringing operational efficiency by focusing on increased staff training to rise up the bar in terms of customer satisfaction. Secondly traditional procedures enrooted across the management in each department lacks competitive throughput as compared to other systematically superior newer hotels. Another reason why Fairmont failed to sustain its lustre is due to its lack of emphasis towards replacement of its traditional equipment, fixture and fittings in order to keep abreast with the changing trends. Singapore city had remained economically vibrant over the past few years and thus had attracted both business travellers and tourists alike from across the borders at an increased pace. Demand had remained stable throughout hospitality sector and hotel segment, b ut the hotel’s management had felt an alarming situation whilst its occupancy rate dropped immediately in times when the pressure from either group faded. In instances like business holiday season the occupancy rate dropped more abruptly compared to other industry players or far more than the industry rate. Likewise as soon as the peak season for tourists diminished the rate drop for Fairmont surpassed that of its peers. Management is concerned regarding hotel’s obnoxious performance and fears that if no prompt action is taken to bring in higher efficiency that would match performance of its peers, it might have to face consequences like complete closure. Methodology Business Risk Management is concerned regarding the prevalent obnoxious performance and fears that if no prompt action to bring in higher efficiency that would match that of its peers, it might have to face consequences like complete closure. So in order to implement and transform a strategy shift through change management the solution is to be devised based on the current factors that relate to the business. Fairmont is making handsome profits as far as its financial statements records states. But the gap between its profitability and operating cash flows is widening day by day. The GM who had been with the hotel till his retirement last year, had hands on experience and expertise over business marketing and management, his intervention to uplift and upgrade the hotel’s outlook had remained quite low. Performance measurement standards had been predominantly relied over simpler profitability ratios under his regime. It is truly a managers’ job to bring about the relevant change within each process and critically evaluate management with acute yardstick that would enable an enterprise to foster efficient practices and remove inefficiencies. Traditional models have their certain life after which new advance theories builds upon already defined principals as with time impr ovements are crafted naturally. For such reasons product cycle and stage within this cycle is important to be defined that would translate the

Olaudah Equiano Essay Example for Free

Olaudah Equiano Essay A journal is kept to reminisce on experiences people have gone through, also to share with others in the future. In the two narratives â€Å"from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† by Olaudah Equiano and â€Å"from The Journal of the First Voyage to America† by Christopher Columbus are both journals about their life experiences. Equiano and Columbus had different encounters with the people they met, and used different imagery. Likewise, they both wrote for the same purpose. The impressions of the people they met were different. Equiano had a horrible encounter with the slave traders on the ship he was on. He mentioned, â€Å"Every circumstance I met with, served only to render my state more painful, and heightened my apprehensions, and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites. † (p. 45) The white slave traders were cruel and horrible. The whites treated them horribly and had no respect for them. In spite of that, Columbus had a different approach towards the natives he met with on his voyage. â€Å"the natives came down to the shore with their calabashes full, and showed great pleasure in presenting us with it. † (p. 64), unlike the whites, the natives are giving and considerate. I ordered more glass beads to be given them, and they promised to return the next day. â€Å" (p. 64) Columbus and his men developed a relationship with the natives and they got along. In addition, the imagery that Equiano and Columbus used were different. Equiano uses imagery to help visualize the horrible condition that him and the other slaves were in. â€Å"The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable. † (p. 45), Equiano explains the agony they were going through, so much pain that many people felt as if they were dying. On the other hand, Columbus analyzes that â€Å"This island even exceeds the others in beauty and fertility. † (p. 62), which shows his admiration towards the island he was on. Although Equiano and Columbus shared many differences, they both had the same purpose for writing. Equiano wrote about his awful experience while being transported to an island as a slave. The reason for writing about his experience was for people to recognize the horrible condition they were in, and how bad they were being treated by the whites. â€Å"at all events I am determined to proceed on to the continent† (p. 4), Columbus wrote in his journal to pass on his experience he had during his voyage to others and to â€Å"deliver the letters of your highnesses† (p. 64) which he will return answers to the King and Queen back home. In conclusion, Equiano and Columbus both lived an unforgettable experience. They both wrote about it and kept it in a journal. They had different experiences and encounters throughout their voyage. Their main purpose for writing was to share their life experiences with others and also to teach about the unknown and undiscovered.

Psychosocial Factor Depression Copd Health And Social Care Essay

Psychosocial Factor Depression Copd Health And Social Care Essay This supporting paper supports the presentation on the link between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and the psychosocial factor depression. The supportive paper will explore, define and conclude areas of which may influence the health and well-being of patients with COPD and the psychosocial depression factor. The discussion of depression tools, guidelines, statistics and the long term use of oxygen therapy and care pathways will also be explored in this supporting paper (Cornforth, 2012 and NICE, 2009c). The supporting paper will explore COPD and depression as a separate condition and then link the impact of health and well-being. COPD is a collective term used for emphysema and bronchitis and is primarily smoking related as a consequence this leads to progressive airflow obstruction (Booker, 2003). The symptoms of COPD patients include a debilitating cough, dyspnea, excess sputum, chest tightness, fatigue and frequent chest infections. COPDs insidiously developing character means that patients often do not present these symptoms until consequential irreversible damage has happened (Britton, 2002). According to Vermiere (2002) when diagnosis is finally made healthcare professionals may chastise COPD patients for smoking, and causing a self inflicted disease. In turn not much constructive advice maybe given to help COPD patients to manage their condition and medication may not be prescribed in the mistaken belief that medication would not be beneficially (Vermiere, 2002). Healthcare p rofessionals may also unjustly chastise COPD patients, as COPD can also be caused by long term inhalation of asbestos, coal dust and pollution. The lack advice and medication given to patients with COPD may have enormous impact on a patients health and well being (Lee, 2008). According to the Department of Health the condition COPD causes nearly 25,000 deaths per year in England and Wales, and in the years 2007 until 2009 4.8% of deaths were caused by COPD being the fifth greatest killer in the United Kingdom (DH, 2011). Depression is the word used to refer to a variety of mood disorders, a collection of clinical conditions that differentiates the sense of loss and control and a subjective experience of momentous distress (Lazarou et al, 2011). Depression is a wide and heterogeneous diagnosis and can be presented in a variety of different ways. The psychological symptoms may include a continual low mood, feeling hopeless, feeling tearful, feeling irritable and anxious, having low self esteem, no motivation, self harm and suicidal thoughts and having no enjoyment out of life. The physical symptoms may include speaking or moving slowly, weight loss or gain, lack of energy, lack of interest in sexually activities, disturbed sleep and unexplained aches and pains. The social symptoms include decreased job related activities, social withdrawal from family and friends and neglecting hobbies and interest (NICE, 2009a and Elsherif and Noble, 2011). According to the National Institute for Health and Clinical E xcellence (2009b) the depression disorder is generally known as a psychological response in patients with COPD and it can be found in 20% of COPD patients. Healthcare professionals have a duty of care, therefore the recognition of depression in COPD is paramount (NICE, 2009a). Such tools have been developed to aid practitioners to diagnosis depression, for example the Health nine-item Questionnaire (PHQ9) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), these tools are used so that the patient can be considered to see if they require drug or psychological support (Cornforth, 2012). The use of the diagnosis tools in COPD patients reduces the potential risk of an acute exacerbation. According to Jennings et al (2009) patients with COPD who suffer from depression are at a higher risk of an acute exacerbation in turn this may lead to an admission to hospital. COPD and depression may also be linked with the continual occurrences of admissions, and the extended stay in hospital (Yohanne, 2010). Furthermore depression along with COPD may reduce the desire to recover and comply with medication and medical treatment, in turn this could lead to a delay in the patients discharge from hospital (DiMatteo et al, 2004).The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines (World Health Organization, 2008a) and NICE guidelines (2009a) have highlighted the need for psychosocial factors such as depression to be diagnosis in COPD patients. The NICE care pathways are also available to help health care professionals identify, treat and manage depression in COPD patients (NICE, 2009c). The Department of Health defines health as A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Department of Health 2010, P.7). The presence of COPD and the psychosocial depression factor is the major cause of morbidity, disability and mortality and this can have a physical, mental and social impact on patients lives (NICE, 2009b). Factors that may contribute to depression in COPD patients are weight loss, sleep deprivation and fitness levels. Weight loss is associated with COPD in particular the loss of fat as the disease progresses furthermore many patients lose weight as a consequence of decreased food intake as a result of dyspnea (Kelly 2007). In addition poor quality of sleep is frequent in COPD patients for numerous reasons. Firstly, coughing and excessive mucus may interrupt the onset of sleep, particularly since these symptoms may be worsened in the supine position. Breathlessness may also be worsened by the position and COPD patients may have numerous incidents of nocturnal dyspnea, which causes recurring awakenings (George and Bayliff, 2003). Finally COPD patients may avoid physical exercise or exc essive hard work due to the unpleasant symptoms of breathlessness, as a result the patients fitness levels may reduce and this may lead to muscle weakness which increases disability, dyspnea, loss of confidence and social isolation (Booker, 2005). According to Yohanne (2010) the chronic character of COPD and its related stigma can also lead to social isolation. COPD patients with chronic hypoxaemia rely on long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) to increase their survival rate. However the psychological effects it has on patients daily living are somewhat restricted in their capability to participate in indoor and outdoor activities, resulting in the patient suffering from depressive symptoms. Patients with chronic hypoxaemia who rely on LTOT for survival suffer from a diminishing quality of life and are susceptible to emotional lability, loneliness and social isolation in turn this may lead to clinical depression (Yohannes, 2010). The Department of Health defines wellbeing as A positive state of mind and body, feeling safe and able to cope, with a sense of connection with people, communities and the wider environment (Department of Health 2010, P.7) COPD and the psychosocial factor depression can not only affect every aspect of a sufferers life but it can have enormous impact on the sufferers family lives. The ability to cope with the loss of an active role in their family and society and the loss of intimacy and functional impairment is considered a burden to a patients state of mind (Gray et al, 2009).The British Lung Foundation (2005) carried out a survey regarding COPD patients daily activities, and the findings were 90% of patients with severe COPD were unable to do their gardening, 66% were unable to go on holiday and 33% had disabling breathlessness all factors that increase depressive symptoms. Patients with COPD who suffer from a disability can eventually become reliant on others to carry out every aspect of daily living this may include personal hygiene and grooming, functional transfers, eating and drinking, medicine management, bowel and bladder management and managing money as a result this can have a enormous impac t on a patients mental well being in turn this may result in clinical depression (Mooney and OBrien 2006 and Gray et al 2009). A patients state of mind and the ability to cope with COPD may cause the patient to experience negative thoughts and feelings such as feeling guilty, loss of independence, low self esteem and a sense of worthlessness they frequently criticise themselves for lacking in confidence, feeling irritable, impatient and frustrated all the factors may contribute to clinical depression. In some circumstances patients with depression and COPD may cause injury to themselves, experience suicidal thoughts and in extreme circumstances may attempt suicide (NICE 2009a and Gray et al 2009). This supporting paper has supported the presentation on the link between COPD and the psychosocial depression factor. The supportive paper has explored, defined and concluded areas of which influence the health and well-being of patients with COPD and the psychosocial depression factor. To conclude the main focal points, COPD is the fifth greatest killer in the United Kingdom and as a mortality rate of 25,000 per year (DH, 2011). Twenty percent of patients with COPD suffer from depression with extreme symptoms of self harm and suicide (NICE 2009a, NICE 2009b and Gray et al 2009). The symptoms of both COPD and depression have been emphasised to highlight the need for diagnosis tools, guidelines and care pathways. The main importance of this paper is the physical, mental, social, state of mind and ability to cope with COPD and depression and the impact it has on the patients lives (Cornforth 2012 and NICE 2009c). Word count 1374 References/References in text and headings and quotes 699 Total word count 2073

Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma

Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma Dave Pelzer is the victim of the third-worst child abuse case in the history of California. In his book A Child Called â€Å"It†, he says, â€Å"I knew I was never meant to be loved. I knew I would never live a life like my brothers. Worst of all, I knew it was only a matter of time until Kevin [his baby brother] would hate me, just like the others did† (Pelzer 145; ch.7). In this quote, Pelzer demonstrates just the emotional aspect of the effects of childhood trauma. He was so abused by his mother that he thought he was never meant to be loved. According to ER Nurse Lynda Gibbons, â€Å"Domestic violence [child abuse/trauma] refers to the use or threat of physical, sexual or emotional force by spouses, partners, relatives, or anyone else with a close relationship with their victims.† Childhood trauma can have many lasting emotional, psychological, and physical effects. As a method of abuse, Pelzer’s mother would tell him that she had received a letter from the North Pole, or the Principle (which was a lie; Pelzer was a good student) saying Pelzer had been a â€Å"bad boy,† and would then proceed to punish him for it. The continued abuse left Pelzer feeling worthless and like everything was his fault. This form of abuse is called emotional abuse, and its effects are precursors of more serious effects. Emotional abuse can affect many areas of your life, with the most frequently affected being relations with family members. Women who were abused as children will most likely have an extremely difficult time raising a child. To feel like they are still in control (because control is frequently essential in the daily lives of previously abused women), they will enact measures of aggression, submission, or any number of different â€Å"extremes† that are unique to the individual (Prescott). These measures are necessary to them because of the traumatic experiences of their youth. As a result, the child will feel like his or her mother has lost her mind and will distance himself or herself from her. This distance can have the same emotional detriment as neglect, a form of emotional abuse, and can leave lasting effects on the child’s mind. Adults who experienced CPA (Childhood Physical Abuse) and CSA (Childhood Sexual Abuse) may be over- or under-protective of their child, resulting in an unhealthy relationship or one the child perceives as â€Å"unloving† (Prescott). Adults who were abused as children may have a hard time connecting with their friends and family. The victim’s friends fade away in many cases, as they are too afraid of other people to spend time with them. The victim may also have an extremely difficult time forming new relationships, since that would require reaching out to strangers, which is hard for someone with that kind of emotional damage to do. Most victims of emotional abuse do not know how to handle themselves around people they are not familiar with and lack the understanding of people required to form lasting emotional bonds. Victims of abuse may also suffer from a lack or absence of self-esteem. Dave Pelzer experienced many forms of abuse, but there was one instance that damaged his self-esteem more than others. In an effort to destroy his self-respect, Pelzer’s mother attempted to make him eat his baby brother’s defecation (Pelzer 55-57). This disgusting example of abuse threw Pelzer into a well of despair and self-destructive thoughts. Damaging a child’s self-esteem is a nearly sure-fire way to damage them emotionally, because the way we view ourselves is essential to how we react to different things that occur. For example, if a child who had been previously abused and punched by an adult, he or she may believe it is his or her fault because the abuse lowered hi or her self-esteem to such a point that he or she has no sense of self-worth. Low self-esteem and continued abuse can lead to self-destructive behavior later in life. To back this up, a study was done in 1994 on previously abused women; 65-70% of women who suffered abuse as children were considered â€Å"permanently damaged† by professional psychiatrist. In an effort to recover, the women had to sit in with a psychiatrist and be told, repeatedly, that it was not their faults they were abused; it was the abusers’ (Prescott). Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can be even more detrimental to a person’s self-esteem. In a recent article on dealing with the effects of CSA, Andrya Prescott says that â€Å"some [people] may find it very emotionally traumatic, some may be in denial.† Denial is a coping mechanism that prevents someone from consciously experiencing the pain or trauma from an event by making the person believe it did not actually happen (even though they subconsciously know it did). Another factor in the amount of perceived damage to a person’s emotional state is how early in life the trauma occurs. If the trauma occurs earlier in life, it has a far more powerful ef fect on the victim. This extends to even prenatal trauma, experienced by the mother and then the fetus has the same biochemical, and therefore emotional, response. This feeling of distress is â€Å"imprinted† on the child’s subconscious, and can go on to cause anxiety and low self-esteem (Harris). This â€Å"imprinted† trauma acts like a trigger, and, when detonated by CPA or CSA, can result in severe psychiatric disorders (Jovanovic et al.). Victims of CPA and CSA are nearly always affected by their former abuse later on in life. They often develop phobias, which are defined as fears with no rationale behind them, or â€Å"irrational fears.† Just for example, women who were abused as children often have a large phobia of needles and men (Prescott). These fears can go on to disrupt their everyday lives as adults, and their interactions with other people. Parents who experienced child abuse will often distance themselves from their children, because they fear their child â€Å"being abused† and often even fear themselves abusing their child (Prescott). While some may see this as foolish, it is sensible. The adult was abused, so they fear they will turn into their parents and start abusing their kids. This is referred to as the â€Å"cycle of abuse.† Another common fear that some survivors of abuse experience is the fear of being strapped down or held (Prescott). Some of these fears make more sense than others, but they all can have a serious effect on a person’s life. People who were abused often have â€Å"latent fears,† or fears that stick around subconsciously. A major sign of latent fears is flashbacks. People who experience CPA or CSA may have extreme reactions and flashbacks triggered by everyday items or occurrences: i.e. kitchen utensils or alarm clocks going off (Prescott). Flashbacks occur when someone is reminded of a traumatic experience, and he or she remembers that experience in vivid detail, in a way that is comparable to living it a second time. These flashbacks can be very hard on someone who is already suffering emotionally, and can even compound the trauma that is already there and undo any therapy the victim has received since the incident. Latent fears are especially prevalent in women when they are raising a child. Giving birth can be extremely traumatic for a woman who has experienced CSA and can do lasting harm to the relationship between herself and her child. The mother does not show love to the child, for fear of growing close to anyone, and the child does not show love to her child, etc. This is part of the cycle of abuse, but is more based on neglect than actual abuse (Prescott). Psychological effects are a step up from emotional effects. The emotional injuries that accumulate from abuse often hide deep inside a person’s subconscious, causing them to develop nearly-permanent psychological issues. Studies have shown that women are â€Å"more vulnerable† to the effects of CPA and are affected for far longer periods of time than men (Haatainen et al.).Usually the first thing that is affected psychologically is a person’s stress response. When one experiences something that his or her body recognizes as â€Å"stressful,† it initiates the HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. This axis controls the amount of hormones that are circulating through his or her body at any given time. When one experiences stress, it releases cortisol, also called the â€Å"stress hormone.† Cortisol, along with epinephrine and a few other hormones, activates one’s â€Å"fight-or-flight† response. The heart will beat faster, blood flo w to the brain increases, and the muscles receive more oxygen, all to prepare one to react to whatever the stressful stimulus is. When a child experiences trauma or stress repeatedly over a long period of time, his/her body loses the ability to â€Å"calm down†; essentially, he or she is always in a fight-or-flight response. This can lead to the development of phobias and an increased or decreased base cortisol level (Simkin). Penny Simkin, discussing this inability to â€Å"calm down,† says: During trauma, an individual reacts with one or two basic survival responses: a sympathetic nervous system response –‘fight or flight’—or a parasympathetic nervous system response—‘freezing’ [. . . .] If the trauma is repeated frequently, the child learns to never let her guard down, which leads to an inability to turn off these adaptive responses when there is no danger. A recent test done on people who experienced early life stress (ELS) showed that ELS has extreme neurobiological effects. These effects include an overbalance of cortisol, which can lead to a number of illnesses and conditions (Jovanovic et al.). According to Tanja Jovanovic, ELS can have a long lasting effect on the human mind. She says, â€Å"early-life stress (ELS) is a predictor of adult MDD [Major depressive disorder], whereas ELS and adult trauma are both predictors of PTSD [Post-traumatic stress disorder]† (Jovanovic et al.). This suggests that ELS acts like a fuse, and the adult trauma is the trigger that sets the fuse off, ending in a psychiatric disorder such as PTSD (Jovanovic et al.). A childhood of physical and sexual abuse can also lead people to seek other means of release, such as drugs or alcohol. Dr. Rebecca Reeve, in an article on the long-term effects of child abuse, says, â€Å"Among men, the probability of drug abuse rose from 7.5 per cent generally to 2 5.8 per cent for those who had suffered combined [CPA and CSA] abuse.† This is saying that people who experienced child abuse develop a dependency on alcohol often because they need to be relieved of the emotional stress of their trauma (Reeve). Another major psychological effect from child abuse is developmental problems. In fact, children who are abused frequently lose memories of their childhood, as a coping mechanism in their subconscious. In this way, they lost an essential portion of their development, causing them to be behind others in speech, intellect, or social ability (Simkin). Children need a constant positive parental influence to develop correctly. Without a guiding hand, children are much more likely to develop extreme behavioral problems, when accompanied by instability in the household (Bakker et al.). Early trauma can also have a direct influence on the development of a child’s brain. Trauma during childhood could result in halted growth of the hippocampus, the part of the brain that is used to learn and store memories. It could also damage the prefrontal cortex, which â€Å"regulates† behavior (Suyaga et al.). Stress plays a large role in this halted development as well. If a child is subjec ted to long periods of heightened stress, it increases the amount of CBGs (corticosteroid-binding globulin) that are produced. This change can often be permanent. As more CBGs are produced than there are at normal levels, it binds to cortisol, neutralizing it. Since there is less free cortisol in the blood, there is more perceived stress. This overbalance causes extended periods of stress in which more cortisol and CBGs are produced in a vicious cycle, leading to the development of PTSD, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and other psychiatric disorders (â€Å"Childhood Trauma†). In a test conducted by ISTSS (International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies), it was found that people who were victims of CPA had a much higher percentage of at least one psychiatric disorder and a higher suicide attempt rate than people who did not experience CPA (Suyaga et al.). Childhood trauma also has a lasting effect on one’s internal body systems. According to a recent study on the effects of early life stress, ELS that stems from child abuse (CPA or CSA) can result in neurohormonal development issues, which can cause permanent hormonal dysfunction disorders[ i.e. dwarfism] (Carpenter et al.). Adults who were abused as children may also be damaged in such a way that they abuse their children. They were accustomed to beatings and being maltreated, and it became commonplace and in some wrong way, right. When they are parents (if they are ever able to overcome the trauma and have children), they treat their children in the same way, because of some subconscious compulsion. The history of CPA in adults is greatly related to the number of physically abuse children. In other words, adults who were abused are much more likely to abuse their children (Haatainen et al.). Childhood abuse and trauma can have many serious effects, but the most serious of those are most likely the physical effects. In a way, physical effects are all the other effects compounded. Emotional effects are formed primarily, based on responses to stimuli in the womb or in early formative years. These effects are the longest lasting, and contribute to the production of negative thoughts, which mutate into psychological effects. These psychological effects are buried in the subconscious, which conflicts with the victim’s rational thinking later in life. This conflict produces physical effects, such as a lowered immune system, and the development of long-term conditions, such as asthma and cancer. One of the biggest effectors is cortisol. Cortisol is produced as a result of the stressful stimuli. In large amounts, cortisol can damage the body by decreasing bone formation, breaking down necessary fat, and dissolving muscle. This can lead to a lack of immune support, weight l oss, and other symptoms associated with stress. This is called a â€Å"psychosomatic response†Ã¢â‚¬â€when the thoughts or emotions of the brain evolve to physically effect the body. Another psychosomatic response is insomnia. Boston University Medical Center, on the subject of insomnia, states, â€Å"unexplainable lifelong insomnia is usually attributed to a neurological abnormality, according to sleep disorders specialist Sanford Auerbach, M.D., but he found that in nine of his patients insomnia was tied to previous sexual abuse† (qtd. in â€Å"Adult†). The victims in another study done by Boston University said that they could not sleep because when they tried to, they experienced fear and stress. This also prevented them from relaxing on vacation, when their symptoms actually worsened (â€Å"Adult†). They could not sleep simply from fear of abuse. In a study that occurred in 1982, psychologists did psych profiles on women who came to the hospital for a breast biopsy. Using only psychological factors, they were able to determine which women had breast cancer with a 94% success rate (Harris). A big part of physical effects is actual injury from the abuse. Victims of CPA may be left with poorly-working joints or muscles, as well are permanent tissue damage to areas such as the brain (Gibbons). David Kissen, a prominent British surgeon in the 1960’s, did some research in Scotland on the relationship between emotional repression and cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. He found that smokers who repressed emotions were five times more likely to develop cancer than those who shared their emotions openly (Harris). This study shows that if someone â€Å"bottles up† his or her emotions, it damages the body. This occurs from the buildup of cortisol, which lowers the immune system and can even upset cellular biology in some cases, leading to cancer (Harris). As a general observation, it seems that cortisol, the â€Å"stress hormone,† is at the center of all of these effects. Perhaps it plays a more prominent role than most doctors realize? In any case, stress levels are the key to how child abuse affects people later in life, resulting in a near-inability to love, lowered immunity, psychiatric disorders, and, in some major cases, cancer. Child abuse certainly has a much larger effect on its victims than we were previously aware of. Works Cited â€Å"Adult Insomnia and Childhood Sexual Abuse.† Total Health 15.5(1993): n.pag. Alt  Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Bakker, Martin P., et al. â€Å"Childhood Family Instability and Mental Health Problems During Late  Adolescence: A Test of Two Mediation Models.† Journal of Clinical Child and  Adolecent Psychology 41.2(2012): 166-176. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. Carpenter, Linda L., et al. â€Å"Effects of Child Physical Abuse on Cortisol Stress Response.† Psychopharmacology 214.1(2011):367-375. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 8 Feb. 2014. â€Å"Childhood Trauma Linked to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.† Massage Magazine 54  (2009):23. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Gibbons, Lynda. â€Å"Dealing with the Effects of Domestic Violence.† Emergency Nurse 19.4  (2011): 12-17. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Haatainen, K.M., et al. â€Å"Gender Differences in the Association of Adult Hopelessness with  Adverse Childhood Experiences.† Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology  38.1(2003): 12. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Harris, Gerald A. â€Å"Early Childhood Emotional Trauma: An Important Factor in the Aetiology of  Cancer and other Diseases.† European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 7.2(2006): 2-10.  Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Jovanovic, Tanja, et al. â€Å"Child Abuse is Associated with Increased Startle Reactivity in  Adulthood.† Depression and Anxiety 26.11(2009): 1018-1026. Psychology and  Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Pelzer, Dave. A Child Called â€Å"It†. Omaha: Omaha, 1995. Print. Prescott, Andrya. â€Å"Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Potential Impact on Maternity.†Ã‚  Midwifery Matters 92(2002): 17-20. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. Reeve, Rebecca. â€Å"The Truth is That the Effects of Child Abuse are Long-Lasting.† Editorial.  The Sydney Morning Herald 07 Oct. 2013: 18. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. Simkin, Penny. â€Å"Child Abuse as Loss.† International Journal of Childbirth Education 20.3  (2005): 38-40. Alt Healthwatch. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Suyaga, Louisa, et al. â€Å"Child Physical Abuse and Adult Mental Health: A National Study.†Ã‚  Journal of Traumatic Stress 25.4 (2012): 384-392. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences  Collection. Web. 13 Jan. 2014.

Sentencing of Juveniles Essay -- Juvenile Crime Criminal Sentence Essa

The Sentencing of Juveniles Today, we live in a society faced with many problems, including crime and the fear that it creates. In the modern era, juveniles have become a part of society to be feared, not rehabilitated. The basis of the early juvenile justice system was to rehabilitate and create safe havens for wayward youth. This is not the current philosophy, although the U.S. is one of the few remaining countries to execute juveniles. Presently, our nation is under a presidential administration that strongly advocates the death penalty, including the execution of juveniles. The media and supporters of capital punishment warn of the "superpredator," the juvenile with no fear, remorse, or conscience. Opponents of this view encourage the idea that another death is only revenge, not deterrence. We will examine the rights allotted to juvenile offenders, and the punishments inflicted upon them for violations of the law. Juvenile Transfers and Waivers For those juveniles deemed dangerous, or those that have committed a serious crime, a different process would follow their initial contact with the court. This involves the removal of the offender from the juvenile system, to be transferred to the adult criminal court. These offenders are adjudicated as an adult if certain factors are present. The waiver to the adult court is often a critical step in receiving a harsh sentence for juveniles. Two Supreme Court cases have addressed the issue of juvenile waivers and transfers, Kent v. United States and Breed v. Jones. The two cases resulted in specific requirements for transfer hearings, including a) a legitimate transfer hearing b) sufficient notice to family and defense attorney c) right to counsel d) a statement regarding reason for the transfer. However, the waiver of juveniles is often criticized by experts for various reasons. "Minors are likely to be looked upon as special persons by prosecutors, probation officers, and judges in the criminal courts. They are younger than the main population of defendants before the criminal courts†¦while a minor may be looked upon as a hardened criminal in the juvenile court, (s)he may be viewed as a mere innocent youngster in criminal court." (Abadinsky 72). Some research has shown that the transfer of juveniles is a waste of both time and money. Why? Because the offender often receives the same treatment or senten... ...ny high profile issue, and in this case we are dealing with the lives of young offenders, many of which claim their age excuses their "mistake." While society must recognize the issues that often fuel adolescent rage, we should be hesitant to withhold punishment. In death row cases, many inmates will reside on death row for more than ten years before being executed. During this time, they undergo many changes, both physically and psychologically and often feel like a different man, and certainly not a violent threat to society. Moreover, we are not executing men (and women) for the people they have become, but for the crime they committed. Their victims did not receive a second chance, so why should we as a society grant convicted killers the chance to live, love, and grow? However, the death penalty must be examined for flaws, including incorporating DNA technology whenever possible. Age has obviously been an important factor in the debate over the death penalty, but we must rea lize we live in an age of violent school shootings and declining alternatives for misplaced youth. Society should not advocate the death of innocents, but vindicate a willful and deliberate loss of life.

Comparing the Quest for Self in Jane Eyre and Villete Essay -- compari

Quest for Self in Jane Eyre and Villete      Ã‚   "Why is Villette so disagreeable? Because the writer's mind contains nothing but hunger, rebellion and rage." Matthew Arnold, 1853.    Matthew Arnold was certainly forthcoming about the defects of both Charlotte Bronte's   mind and of her novel. Indeed he was not alone in his reaction to her; Anne   Mozley in The Christian Remembrancer ;in April 1853 wrote in reaction to   Bronte's other great work of "rebellion", Jane Eyre, that she had to make   "a protest against the outrages on decorum, the moral perversity, the   toleration, nay, indifference to vice which deform her picture of a   desolate woman" (my italics). Mozley even went far enough to label Jane Eyre a "dangerous book", a sentiment which Arnold's comments show that he shared.   Yes both Villette and Jane Eyre are pervaded by "hunger, rebellion   and rage" but it is this very factor which allows Bronte's protagonists to   explore their own identities in, crucially, their own terms.    That both Jane Eyre and Villette are first person narratives is highly   important. Unlike Catherine Earnshaw, Maggie Tulliver and Isabel Archer, Lucy   Snowe and Jane Eyre are able to define their own stories, and subsequently, to   define themselves. As Tony Tanner stated, Jane's "narrative act is not so much   one of retrieval as of establishing and maintaining her identity" and this can   easily be extended to Lucy. Indeed in Villette the importance of language   to proclaim identity, and therefore power, is demonstrated by Lucy's inability   to speak French when she arrives in Villette " I could say nothing whatever". Of course the role of teaching Lucy to speak French falls to M. Paul  Ã‚   demonstrating the masc... ...ion and rage.    BBIBLIOGRAPHY The Bronte's: The Critical Heritage, ed. Miriam Allott (1974).    "Person, Narrative and Identity in Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre", Tony Tanner   in Teaching the Text ed. S Kappeler.    "Jane Eyre's Interior Design", Karen Chase in Jane Eyre (New Casebook), ed.   Heather Glenn.    "Introduction" to Villette (Penguin,1979), Tony Tanner.    "The Buried Life of Lucy Snowe" and "A Dialogue of Self and Soul: Plain Jane's Progress" in The Mad Woman in the Attic, Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar (2000).    "Charlotte Bronte as a 'Freak Genius'", David Cecil in Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyreand Villette (A Casebook Series) ed. Miriam Allot.    "Three Women's Texts and a Critique of Imperialism", Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in The Feminist Reader ed. Catherine Belsey and Jane Moore (1997).

Ion Channel Effects Essay -- Medicine Drugs Prozac Pharmacy Essays

Ion Channel Effects The drug Prozac, otherwise known as Fluoxetine, has been believed to cause few side effects in general. Evidence also indicates that fluoxetine has various additional effects on several ion channels within the brain. Fluoxetine has demonstrated exerted effects on a variety of ion channels, the drug inhibited K+ and Na+ currents in lens and corneal epithelium, and the inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on ionic currents (Hahn, 1999). This suggests that since local concentration of fluoxetine may rise in the small extracellular space surrounding neurons, fluoxetine could act as an ion channel inhibitor in the brain. Research done by the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, at the Catholic University of Korea, showed that fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of voltage activated K+, Ca2+, and Na+ channels in PC12 cells. The inhibition of K+ channels by fluoxetine was concentration dependent but was not voltage dependent (Hahn, 1999). The inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on K+ currents were not abolished by inhibitors of protein kinases (H7, staurosporine, Rp cAMPS), indicating that protein kinases and G proteins were not involved in the inhibition of K+ currents by fluoxetine (Hahn, 1999). The study concluded that the overall effects of fluoxetine on neurons will be determined by the expression pattern of individual ion channels in different neurons, and this phenomenon may have pharmacological implications (Hahn, 1999). Norfluoxetine is the most important active metabolite of the antidepressant compound, flouxetine. In a study done by the University Medical School of Debrecen, the effects of fluoxetine and its major metabolite, norfluoxet... ...Glenmullen, Joseph, PhD. Prozac Backlash, 2001 Greens Fortuna Pharmacy, patient information leaflet, (2005) Hahn, J., The effects of Prozac on the Brain, (1999) Kalat, James W., Biological Psychology, 8th ed., (2004) Kobayashi, Toru, Kazuo, Washiyama, Kazutaku, Ikeda, Inhibitin of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by fluoxetin(Prozac), British Journal of Pharmacology,(2003), 138, 1119-1128. Magyar J, Swentandrassy N, Banyasz T, Kecskemeti V, and Nanasi PP, Department of Physiology, University Medical School of Debrecen, Hungary, (2004) Turking, Carol Ann, and Kaplan, Eliot F.,M.D., Making the Prozac Decision, (1994) Twersky, Ori. FDA Approves Prozac for Treating Severe form of PMS, WebMD, Medical News, (2000) Walker, P.W. Cole, J.O., and Gardner E.A. , Improvement in Fluoxetine-associated dysfunctions, (1993)

Lord of the Flies, Quote Analysis

Chapter four of Lord of the Flies is an important chapter of the book. It contains some key turning points of the plot and shows various major developments of the characters. It this essay, three quotes concerning theme, symbolism and irony in chapter four will be analysed. In chapter four Golding visualises the theme of savagery in pages 79 and 80 by describing Jack’s ‘new face’. â€Å"He made one cheek and one eye-socket white, then he rubbed red over the other half of his face and slashed a black bar of charcoal across from right ear to left jaw.†Golding deliberately describes Jack’s face again, even though he had already described the changes concerning his face. By re-describing Jack’s savage like face, the author wants to emphasise the continuously more important getting theme of savagery at this point in the book. As the memory of an adult controlled civilisation fades away, the savage like behaviour increases. Jack’s unnaturally coloured face also resembles his will to hunt, to kill, to destruct.Jack’s character and his look are unifying as his face and character slowly transform into an uncontrollable, savage like monster. Moreover, his new face’s authority is immediately shown in the lines following the description of his face, in which the other are obeying his order to get him a coco-nut. Society as an illusion is nicely demonstrated on page 75 which states â€Å"They had built castles at the bar of the little river. These castles were about one foot high and were decorated with shells, withered flowers, and interesting stones.†This quote is explicitly clarifying the reader that society on the island is dead or an ancient memory at least. The withered flowers on the castle symbolise drained life, when one would see the castle as society, which was originally flourishing as it was beautifully decorated with flowers. However, at this point, the flowers more seem to resemble an overgr own layer of dead weeds, which indicate the lack of care and respect that has been shown to the maintenance of the castle and in this comparison, society.Not only does the castle look abandoned and not-taken-care-of, it is just a few lines away from total destruction as it is destroyed by Roger and Maurice on the next page. From that point onwards, society based on structure and rational thinking has completely crumbled down, burying the principals of their former world. The quote of Ralph on page 85 â€Å"They let the bloody fire out. † can be taken in by the reader in a very ironical way. This is due to various reasons. Firstly, one must ask himself the question: ‘Who is they?’After all, Ralph had quite a leading character in the book. If anyone should be held responsible for the dozing of the fire, one of the most likely would have been Ralph himself. Secondly, he was the first one to reach the top, indicating that if anyone could have been held responsible fo r letting the fire out it is, again, Ralph. The irony continues as Ralph went intensely red after the event had happened. The actual fire might have been let out but the fire like anger awoke inside Ralph because of the dozing of the fire.Ironically, even though at the start of the book the children cherished their fire, as if it was their only way of surviving, yet it is the fire that is neglected causing them to miss out on a potential rescue. Conclusionally, the quotes â€Å"He made one cheek and one eye-socket white, then he rubbed red over the other half of his face and slashed a black bar of charcoal across from right ear to left jaw. † (pages 79 and 80), â€Å"They had built castles at the bar of the little river.These castles were about one foot high and were decorated with shells, withered flowers, and interesting stones. † (page 75) and â€Å"They let the bloody fire out. † (page 85) depict the author’s intentions to express the omnipresence of the theme savagery and the way, which is regularly clarified by the use of symbolism and irony. The author has chosen to clarify this through symbolism and irony, to slowly make the reader more aware of the deeper thought of the book, war.

Thesis Reading

The title of the thesis that I chose for my Thesis Reading is â€Å"BARKADAHAN SA MC: Communication within Peer Groups in Miriam College and how it leads the members to commit major violations of school rules. † It was written by four authors namely, Catherine J. Macasaet, Michelle Corazon S. Robles, Alexandrea Camille C. Rodriguez, and Anna Monica T. Torres. The thesis was published on February 9, 2008 and was submitted as a partial fulfillment of the authors’ requirements in Communication Arts. The problem of the said thesis is, â€Å"Does communication within peer groups in Miriam College lead its members to commit major violations of school rules? † and with this being said, their general objective is to identify whether communication within Miriam College students affect their chances of committing school violations. According to the findings of the group members of the thesis, based on the survey that they have conducted, almost all of their respondents are part of a peer group or what they mostly call as a â€Å"barkada. † Only 3 out of a hundred responded â€Å"no† when asked if they belong to one. And with this, those who answered â€Å"yes† to the question showed some symptoms of Groupthink that lead them to committing violations of school rules. The Groupthink phenomenon allowed the students of certain peer groups to have faulty decisions causing them to do wrong actions. The group also discussed the activities that peer groups mostly do and their self-evaluation of their school performance. With this, they have also included the number of people among their respondents who have encountered committing violations and their peers’ influence on this. The Groupthink phenomenon which was stated a while ago was the most evident situation that peer groups are commonly facing when together. Three of the symptoms present were the thought that each group’s actions are always right, that they always have undisputed choices in decision-making, and lastly, that every group does not consider the beliefs of out-groups. As an analysis of the problem stated for the thesis, the authors used two theories namely, Social Identity Theory and like what was mentioned a while ago, Groupthink Theory. First off, the Social Identity Theory was developed y Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979. It was used to comprehend the psychological foundation of discrimination within inter-groups. The theory has three elements in it which are categorization, identification, and comparison. The categorization element comes in when a person labels his or herself and other members of a group. Identification, on the other hand, is when a person identifies his or h erself as a part of a group which allows him or her to have a more sense of worth. Lastly, comparison is when the group members already compare their positive characteristics as a whole to the characteristics of other groups. The theory also states that groups look for confidence by positively distinguishing itself from other groups. The Social Identity Theory applies in the said thesis because, before actually studying the effects of communication of peer groups in their chances of committing school violations, the researchers first studied an individual’s process of being a member of the group through the visibility of the said theory in him or her. It showed that Social Identity is what mainly occurs first because a person labels his or herself, becomes a part of the group, and then compares his or her group to others. The theory is applicable because it helped the researchers identify how the participants of their survey identify themselves as part of a peer group. Moving on with the theories used in the paper, another relevant theory is the Groupthink Theory which was stated several times a while ago. This theory was developed by Irving Janis in 1972 and was based on human social behavior in which a hypothesis—that critical thinking is used to assess the efficiency of a group’s decision-making—was developed. Groupthink is actually a way of planning used by a group when their aim of agreement overcomes their assessment of other plans of actions. The theory also involves the group’s cohesiveness wherein the group’s involvement in each other affects their decisions—the more cohesive a group, the more pressure is applied on the members to preserve such cohesiveness. Such cohesiveness is visible when group members like each other, and would want to stay within the group, thus, not wanting to be left out. With too much of this said cohesiveness, there are dangers involved like not being able to exercise independent critical thinking, thus, having irrational decisions like hoices that are incomplete and involve risks. With these said, groupthink is actually a weakening of effectiveness in thinking because it affects how the groups actually consider different plans of actions and not just what they think is right. Groupthink Theory is relevant to the thesis of the researchers because it allows them to look at the process of decision-making by a group which is relevant in understanding how communication within p eer groups leads to commit school violations. The theory was used when the authors analyzed how each member of a group develops confidence and then starts to meet the terms of her whole group’s actions and choices. It is also applicable when the researchers were able to identify that the theory is the most apparent communication pattern within peer groups of Miriam College in such a way that after going through a phase of Social Identity which was stated a while ago, peer groups then tend to apply Groupthink which involves pressure within their group members to comply with the unanimous decision of the group as a whole. With having the thought that the group’s decision is what is right, they then tend to become confident with their actions which are sometimes, are already the violations of school rules. Because of faulty decision-making, peer groups are lead to disobedience of school policies. These are what the researchers have found out with the use of the Groupthink Theory of Irving Janis. With the help of Social Identity Theory and Groupthink Theory, authors of the said thesis were able to understand the effects that communication within the â€Å"barkadas† of Miriam College have on each of the members. The theories were actually very relevant in helping them find the results for their problem and were able to give answers to the questions that they have objectives of responding to. Both were able to help the researchers because having a thesis on peer groups, the theories also being about groups helped in defining the problem stated. Reference: Littlejohn, S. W. (2008). Theories of human communication 9th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth.

Literature Introduction Essay

What Is Literature and Why Do We Study It? †¢ Literature is – Composition that tells a story, dramatizes a situation, expresses emotions, analyzes and advocates ideas – Helps us grow personally and intellectually – Provides an objective base for knowledge and understanding – Shapes our goals and values by clarifying our own identities, both positively and negatively – Literature makes us human. Genres †¢ Four genres of literature: – Prose fiction †¢ Myths, parables, romances, novels, short stories – Poetry †¢ Open form and closed form †¢ Relies on imagery, figurative language, sound – Drama. †¢ Made up of dialogue and set direction †¢ Designed to be performed – Nonfiction prose †¢ News reports, feature articles, essays, editorials, textbooks, historical and biographical works Guidelines for Reading Literature †¢ First reading – Determine what is happening, where, what, who is involved, major characters – Make a record of your reactions and responses – Describe characterizations, events, techniques and ideas †¢ Second reading – Trace developing patterns – Write expanded notes about characters, situations, actions – Write paragraph describing your reactions and thoughts – Write down questions that arise as you read (in the margins) Writing a Precis †¢ Precis = a concise summary = paraphrase – Retell the highlights so reader will know main sections – Only essential details – they must be correct and accurate – Must be an original essay, written in your own words – Be sure to introduce the title and author – Avoid judgments – Use present tense when retelling a story Elements of Fiction †¢ Essence of fiction = narration (the telling) †¢ Elements of fiction = verisimilitude and donnee – Verisimilitude = realism †¢ Must be compelling enough that the reader can â€Å"suspend disbelief† – Donnee = premise †¢ Something given by which you can judge the realism = ground rules. †¢ Sources of elements – Character, plot, structure, theme, symbolism, style, point of view, tone, irony Plot and Structure †¢ Plot = reflection of motivation and causation – No plot = The king died and then the queen died. – Plot = The king died, and then the queen died of grief. †¢ Conflict = controlling impulse in a connected pattern of causes and effects – Opposition of two or more people (e. g. , hatred, envy, anger, argument, avoidance, gossip, lies, fighting, etc. ) †¢ Dilemma = Conflict within or for one person – Conflict is a major element of plot because it arouses curiosity, causes. doubt, creates tension, produces interest – No tension = no interest Structure of Fiction †¢ Structure defines the layout of the work Crisis Complication Climax Exposition Resolution (denouement) Another structural element used sometimes = Flashback Characters in Fiction †¢ Character = verbal representation of a human being – Rounded = lifelike, full, dynamic, reader can predict future behavior because of an understanding of the personality – Protagonist = the hero or heroine, main person in the story, person on the quest, etc. – Antagonist = the person causing the conflict, in opposition to the protagonist, the obstacle, etc. – Flat = no growth, static – Stock = representative of a group or class (stereotypical) – Characters disclosed through †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Actions Descriptions, both personal and environmental Dramatic statements and thoughts Statements by other characters Statements by the author speaking as storyteller, or observer – Characters need to have verisimilitude, be probable or plausible Point of View †¢ Refers to speaker, narrator, persona or voice created by the author to tell the story †¢ Point of view depends on two factors: – Physical situation of the narrator as an observer – Speaker’s intellectual and emotional position †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ First person = I, we Second person = You (uncommon) Third person = He, she, they (most common) Point of view may be: – Dramatic/objective = strictly reporting – Omniscient = all-knowing – Limited omniscient = some insight Setting †¢ Setting = a work’s natural, manufactured, political, cultural and temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own (place, time, objects) †¢ Major purpose = to establish realism or verisimilitude, and to organize a story †¢ Setting helps create atmosphere or mood †¢ Setting may reinforce characters and theme, in order to establish expectations that are the opposite of what occurs = irony. Tone and Style †¢ Tone = methods by which writers and speakers reveal attitudes or feelings †¢ Style = ways in which writers assemble words to tell the story, to develop an argument, dramatize the play, compose the poem – Choice of words in the service of content †¢ Essential aspect of style is diction – Formal = standard or elegant words – Neutral = everyday standard vocabulary – Informal = colloquial, substandard language, slang Tone and Style (cont’d) †¢ Language may be: – – – – Specific = images General = broad classes Concrete = qualities of immediate perception Abstract = broader, less palpable qualities †¢ Denotation = word meanings †¢ Connotation = word suggestions †¢ Verbal irony = contradictory statements – One thing said, opposite is meant – Irony = satire, parody, sarcasm, double entendre †¢ Understatement = does not fully describe the importance of a situation – deliberately †¢ Hyperbole (overstatement) = words far in excess of the situation Symbolism and Allegory †¢ Symbolism and allegory are modes that expand meaning †¢ Symbol creates a direct, meaningful equation between: – A specific object, scene, character, or action – Ideas, values, persons or ways of life †¢ Symbols may be: – Cultural (universal) = known by most literate people (e. g. , white dove, color black) – Contextual (authorial) = private, created by the author Symbolism and Allegory (cont’d) †¢ Allegory is a symbol = complete and self-sufficient narrative (e. g. , â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†) †¢ Fable = stories about animals that possess human traits (e. g. , Aesop’s Fables) †¢ Parable = allegory with moral or religious bent (e.g. , Biblical stories) †¢ Myth = story that embodies and codifies religious, philosophical and cultural values of the civilization in which it is composed (e. g. , George Washington chopping down the cherry tree) †¢ Allusion = the use of other culturally well=known works from the Bible, Greek and Roman mythology, famous art, etc. Idea or Theme †¢ Idea = results of general and abstract thinking †¢ Literature embodies values along with ideas – In literature, ideas relate to meaning, interpretation, explanation and significance – Ideas are vital to an understanding and appreciation of literature. †¢ Ideas are not as obvious as character or setting. It is important to consider the meaning of what you’ve read and then develop an explanatory and comprehensive assertion. †¢ Theme can be found in any of these: – – – – – Direct statements by the authorial voice Direct statements by a first-person speaker Dramatic statements by characters Figurative language, characters who stand for ideas The work itself.

Aesthetic Reading: Reading for Appreciation and Enjoyment Essay

Aesthetic reading is for entertainment. * Reading to explore one. * In Aesthetic reading, the reader’s attention is centered directly on what he likes through during his relationship with that particular text.† * Non-academicals purposes of reading. Aesthetic Stance is for experience * Recreational reading. * Fulfills an important function in lives. * Reading for pleasure or aesthetic reading, been described as â€Å"the most hidden literary practice†. * Aesthetic reading been viewed as â€Å"symbolic withdrawal†. Reading for appreciation * One that is designed to head the learner to understand and enjoy something. Let’s get the most out of Literature * Reading literary selections like poems, short stories, novels, plays, or essays, not only provide pleasure. * It also develop your analytical skills as you must consider each part of the text separately before you can interpret the meaning of the entire work and eventually appreciate it. Poems express ideas in a tighter, more compact way than prose as they do not include details and explanations common to the short story or novel. They are more concentrated, suggestive, and rhythmical than prose as they resort to the use of symbols, figurative language, and imagery, which tend to leave more to a reader’s imagination rather than giving everything he needs to know. Poems may be: * Lyric poem expresses the observations and the feeling of a single speaker. * Narrative poems are stories told in prose. Often narrative poems, even ballads have all the elements of the short stories, such as plot, characters and setting. Poems may take the form of: * Haiku – an unrhymed verse form, consisting of three lines. The first and third lines contain five syllables while the second line consists of seven syllables. * Tanka – another verse form. It has thirty-one syllables arrange in five lines (five, seven, five, seven, seven). * Cinquain – a poetic unrhymed form consisting of five lines. * Diamante – a seven line, diamond shaped poem.

Moot Skeleton Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moot Skeleton Argument - Essay Example The respondent argued that there were significant investment risks due to the financial crisis of 2007 thus limiting investment opportunities. In the second trust was an investment portfolio held in trust by the Barclays Bank for Betty Twix and her mother, Christie. The initial fund was $20,000 that the trustee invested in potato markets. The current value of the investment is $22,000. Betty contested the return on investment arguing that the trustee could have invested in wine markets. According to Betty, the trustee took into account non-financial considerations in choosing not to make such a decision. In such an argument, Betty knew that her grandparents were opposed to alcohol consumption. This was especially important because the bank manager was aware that her grandfather was a man of abstinence. With these arguments, Betty held that the breach resulted to a loss of $1,000. The trustee (respondent) argued that the wine market looked as profitable as the potato market at the tim e of taking that investment decision. The trustee learnt later that the wine markets were performing better than the potatoes market. More importantly, the trustee pointed out a clause that stated that â€Å"the trustee shall not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever that may occur with respect to the portfolio investment hereby settled unless such a loss or damage shall be cause by trustees own fraud†. In response, Betty Twix argued that the clause was invalid since it was widely drafted and thus could not exclude liability for breach of duties of care or the duty to not to take into account non-financial considerations. In the first instance ruling, Judge McIntyre ruled that the Barclays Bank breached its fist duty of no to have regard to non-financial considerations. Barclays was ordered to pay $1,000 to compensate the loss to the second trust. Skeleton Argument on Behalf of the Defendant (Betty Twix) For trustees to act within the law, they should act within their c lient’s power to invest and select appropriate investments. Before making investment decisions, trustees usually take into account various risk implications. The trustee has the following duties:1 Duty to administer Trust by its terms Duty of skill and care Duty to give notices Duty to account Duty to communicate and furnish information Duty not to neglect Duty of loyalty Duty to avoid conflict of interest Duty of confidentiality The general operating principle in most cases requires the following: i. If governing instrument indicates the need for an action, the trustee may take it f it is fair to the beneficiary, or ii. If an action is lawful, the trustee may take it if the instrument fails to offer sufficient specificity With these facts, it s clear that the Barclays Bank was duty bound to diversify the trust investments on behalf of the beneficiaries. However, the trustee is not a guarantor of the principle and income of the trust but must act in accordance with fiduciary responsibilities. The Barclays Bank did not demonstrate sufficient faithfulness in the performance of its duties, particularly in selecting the potato market over the wine market. The trustee bears personal liability because it took into consideration nonfinancial factors in making such an investment decision.2 Furthermore, the bank acted in mistrust and failed to take into consideration