The Design For Manufacture Engineering Essay

A fabrication system contain a big figure of different procedures or phases which independently and jointly, affects merchandise cost, merchandise quality and productiveness of the overall system. The interactions between these assorted facet of fabricating systems are complex and determinations made refering one facet have consequence which extend to the others shown in fig below.Figure: – Fabrication Interactions [ 4 ]Design for industry is concerned with understanding these interactions and utilizing this information to optimise the fabricating systems with regard to cost, quality and productiveness. More specially DFM is concerned with understanding how merchandise design cooperate with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying merchandise design options which help do easy planetary optimisation of the fabricating systems as a whole. [ 4 ] Design for Manufacturability ( DFM ) is a betterment plan that can minimise labour, stuffs, procedure, and production costs without giving the quality of the merchandise. DFM focuses on how the merchandise design interacts with the other constituents of the fabrication system and in specifying design options. In planing for manufacturability the elements of a merchandise and a procedure are analyzed to develop a fabrication system that meets the demands of organisation. In most companies interior decorators and fabrication installations are separated and have little interaction. The basic rule of DFM is to fall in the two into a functional group that will understand and understand the possible drivers of manufacturability that produces quality merchandises for the client. So in our instance, as the constituent to be manufactured is a cylinder block and is bespoke designed and a really low volume production for which design for industry constructs need to be applied. So, in this instance the design for industry constructs associating to big volume production can non be straight applied and therefore DFM constructs associating to rapid prototyping will be more applicable. And, due to the nature of the fabrication demands of this construct, there will be different challenges than those of a mass production demand. Prototyping, the first physical proverb of a design construct, often requires a big investing of clip and money to depict the procedures and tooling. The design goes through alteration during the portion industry as a consequence of the information added during the prototyping stage. Thus the clip taken from the construct phase to the terminal merchandises is longer with regard to that for occupation store fabrication. These limitation suggest the demand for a design for manufacturability atmosphere to diminish the entire cost and the fabricating lead clip for the first portion. When a thought is transformed to an really manufacturable portion design, many alterations are common. The fabrication procedure is often selected on the footing of portion form and size, stuff belongingss and production volume. Such alteration in fabrication procedures is common in the batch and mass production. But in prototyping and occupation stores it is by and large non easy to do common or major alterations in the fabrication processes. When conventional fabrication method is used to make paradigm, the long lead clip and the high cost cut down the figure of ideas that are truly converted into paradigms and theoretical accounts. For illustration in our instance the cylinder block demands to hold structural rigidness, wear opposition, corrosion opposition, high thermic conduction and thermic stableness and visible radiation in weight. This requires a usage of the different stuffs, fabrication procedures, analyses, and eventually proving over a broad scope of operating conditions for each design option. High velocity digital computing machines have helped the design applied scientist to analyse the options. However, every bit long as conventional procedures are used. It is non possible to prototype a big figure of design constructs, each necessitating specialized tooling and machine tools. This expression like one of the major jobs in diminishing the entire growing clip. [ 1 ]Design for Manufacturing – Guideline s [ 6 ]The bosom of any design for fabrication system is a design principles or guidelines that are prepared to assist the interior decorator decrease the cost and complexness of fabrication of merchandise. The guidelines are: lessen the entire figure of parts Homogenize constituents Use common parts across merchandise lines Homogenize design characteristics Aspire to keep designs functional and simple Design parts to be multifunctional Design parts for simpleness of industry Avoid highly tight tolerances Lessen secondary and finishing operations Employ the particular features of procedures.General Design Rules: – [ 6 ]Design for little – workers -cost operations Design a portion so that as many fabricating operations as possible can be achieved with no resettlement it. Design for all-purpose tooling whenever possible Avoid crisp corners Design light weight Measurement from surfaces whenever possible Avoid thin walls, thin webs, or similar features that will ensue in dimensions due to fabrication. Avoid little holes and threaded features because tool cleft and portion bit rise. Avoid undercuts that will necessitate a particular tools and operations. Design round the criterion cutters, bore spot sizes of other tools. For threaded hole ; Design for full yarn deepness. Typically 1.5 ten major diameters gives sufficient keeping power. Drilled hole deepness is suggested to be at least equal to the full yarn plus ? major diameter, but ne'er less than 0.050 † . When material thickness license, thru holes are favoured The design of the cylinder block is already exist based on basic map required. So in that design it is really difficult to alter anything. But some of the design form can be change for Ease of machining with utilizing the DFM guidelines and design regulations.For illustration the design form of oil transition manner in the mention theoretical account block ( AJ-V8 ) is half rectangular and half curvature can be redesign utilizing DFM guidelines for easiness of machining in to the hole form. So antecedently design ( rectangular/Curvature ) needed the casting or slotting and boring operation while new design ( Hole ) is merely needed the boring operation. This both design provides the same map of oil way from caput to oil pan.Conventional Design and industry and different DFM methodsFigure: -Sequence of events prevailing in industry for the design and industry of merchandise [ 2 ]The above flow chart shows the assorted stairss in the instance of conventional theoretical account of desi gn and industry of merchandises. This is a really chronological manner of bring forthing constituents. This sequence start with the construct of an program for a new or modified merchandise. These thoughts for new and enhanced merchandises come from the clients, employees and new engineering. After the blessing of thought, the new or improved merchandise is so designed, engineered and analyzed for map and public presentation. A design stage is dwelling of industrial or merchandise design stage and applied scientist design stage. Next an analysis of the design from point of position of map and public presentation takes topographic point. Next the design is detailed as the staying dimensions and tolerances are added, the stuff is specified, and production drawing is produced. Finally the merchandise is twisted over to fabricating where both production design and procedure design takes topographic point. [ 2 ] This consecutive manner of the operation is still found in the industry today.Design for industry elementsFigure: – Cardinal elements of successful design for industry [ 3 ] As it can be seen from the fig above there are assorted elements that make up the design for industry possible. These are: Team Work Coincident technology DFM Techniques And in general the whole thought is based around the fabrication procedure used in the devising of the portion in inquiry. Four constituents of DFM are represented in the diagram by overlapping circles to emphasis their mutuality and the demand for them all to be in a competitory merchandise debut procedure. By using the DFM chief early in new merchandise design, optimum usage is made of stuffs and procedures, when alteration is easier and less expensive and overall cumulative usage and merchandise debut procedure lead clip are reduced.Modified DFM for this undertakingAssorted elements of a criterion DFM which are non required for this undertaking ‘s design have been eliminated in order to maintain merely the 1s that are required. These elements are: Undertaking Concept Purchased constituents Merchandise Design Material choice Procedure choice Production system design End MerchandiseFigure: – Modified DFM for Cylinder BlockThe above diagram shows the modified DFM for the cylinder block. The purpose is to plan a cylinder block that is easy and economically manufactured as design precedes from construct design, to constellation and parametric design and to detail design, the stuff and procedure choice becomes more elaborate. The DFM is commanding all 6 parametric quantities and end product of this whole procedure is an terminal merchandise a cylinder block. The value of DFM is highlighted by the fact that approximately 70 % of fabrication costs like stuff cost and machining cost of a merchandise is determined by design judgement, with production judgement for illustration tool and machine choice and procedure planning is responsible for merely 20 % .Purchased constituentsNormally the undertaking chief restraint is to utilize the installations available in the Coventry University foremost. So in this undertaking it been seek to utilize the upp er limit installations i.e. machine, stuffs, tools, workshops etc. available in Coventry University. But Some of the installation is non available in university and without that peculiar installations it is impossible to finish this undertaking ( fabrication of the cylinder block ) .For illustration to supply a proper wear opposition interior cylinder dullard surface, the casting technique is used typically, which installation is non available in university. The other and last option is to buy the ready made dramatis personae Fe or Al-Si A390 line drives. The size of the engine is really little, it is merely a paradigm theoretical account so its really difficult to acquire the ready made cylinder line drives from out side maker, It need to order for industry and so buy it. Besides the whole cylinder block is traveling to be industry from the aluminum alloys A356. ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy needed size of note stuff ( block ) .And the stuff for the fixture home base and chief bearing cap is cast Fe ( Why described subsequently in deep ) .So demand to buy the dramatis personae Fe note bock from outside maker every bit good. In this undertaking cylinder bore arm and the grouch instance will be purchase as the workshop installations are non capable for fabricating these constituents to the needed specifications.Material choices and proceduresThe designation of the importance of stuffs choice in design has increased in recent old ages. The importance given to quality and cost facets of fabrication in present twenty-four hours merchandise design has highlight the fact that stuffs and fabrication are closely related in determining concluding merchandise public presentation. The scope of stuffs available to the applied scientist is much broader than of all time earlier. This presents the chance for originality in design by utilizing these stuffs to offer greater public presentation at lower cost. Geting these benefits needs a logical procedure for stuffs choice. Wrongly chosen stuff can take non merely to failure of the block but besides to excessive life-cycle cost. Choosing the best stuff for a block involv es more than taking both a stuff that has the belongingss to provide the necessary public presentation in service and the processing techniques used to bring forth the finished portion. Fig- Modified Interrelationship between stuffs choices and fabrication in Cylinder block design. Figure shows the modified interrelatedness between cylinder block design public presentation demands, stuff belongingss, and fabricating consideration in choosing the stuff and in planing the cylinder block. In this Block design, stuff belongingss and the fabrication procedure country interrelated with each other. That means the any alteration in one of them affects the other two parametric quantities. Measure by measure material choice procedure as per the item design and the cylinder block public presentation demands are described subsequently in inside informations. The stuff chosen here is the Aluminium alloys-A356-T4 for the cylinder block and aluminum alloys A390-T4 for the cylinder line drives. The all belongingss of aluminum metals are precisely fit with the public presentation required belongingss of cylinder block comparison to the other stuffs. For illustration good machinability is the chief demand in stuff as decided that the whole cylinder block is traveling to be machi ned. And aluminum in general rate extremely in the machinability tabular array by most of the standards. The ground for taking the aluminum metals are described subsequently in deep. A fabrication procedure converts a stuff into a finished portion or merchandise. The alterations that take topographic point happen with regard to barricade geometry, or they can act upon the internal microstructure and hence the belongingss of the stuff. As followed the undertaking status or restriction the fabrication procedure used here for the whole cylinder block is machining ( 3 axis milling machine ) .So any needed package or other preparation/process to short out the suited fabrication procedure for the cylinder block is non needed here. A fabrication procedure is divided whether the procedure is aggregate conserving or mass reduction. The milling machining procedure is a mass cut downing procedure in which the mass of the start stuff is greater than the terminal merchandise. Such procedure is form coevals procedure because portion signifier is created by the comparative gesture between the tool and the note block. And material removed is caused by controlled break, runing, o r chemical reaction.Merchandise design: –With the traditional method, the interior decorator would work out an initial idea and change over that into a merchandise design, doing little alteration as required to run into the specification. DFM need that the interior decorator begin the procedure by bearing in head assorted design thought alternate early in the path. At this phase, little has been invested in a design option and much can be derive if a more successful design procedure can be developed. Using some of the old design system as a construction, the interior decorator needs to fruitfully develop design option. Then option is evaluated against DFM aims. [ 5 ] Basically the whole cylinder block is designed with taking mention of jaguar AJ-V8 cylinder block. Most of the design geometry in our instance of the cylinder block similar to AJ-V8 except some complex geometry and the size of all design geometry. The new designed cylinder block size is 1/3 of the AJ-V8 cylinder block, means all the design characteristics of designed cylinder block will be 1/3 of AJ-V8 design characteristics. The cooling H2O jacket, cylinder dullards, the chief bearing hole, crankshaft transition ( Bulkhead ) and some other little design are complex and clip devouring but the field holes, threaded holes for mounting the accoutrements and other intent are easy to machine. The chief design of the cylinder block is depend on the demand of the terminal merchandise ( Customers ) i.e. light weight, cheap, on clip etc. If the cylinder block is design with support in head of light weight construct so the design will be alteration and add some more clip and complex operation in machining but lighter in weight than old design. Here in this undertaking two different design of cylinder block is generated with maintaining in head of combination of easy machining and light weight construct. The design inside informations are described subsequently on in design subdivision ) . At the design phase of the cylinder block it would be good to maintain in head some factors which makes easy and speedy production. Those factors are Milling machining ( specifications, bounds, capacity etc. ) , Material ( Properties, machinability, handiness etc ) , Tooling ‘s and mounting accoutrements and other particular installations. The improved chief design geometry worked out on base of these factors and available installations are ; Cooling H2O jacket Crankcase/Bed home base /Skirt Coolant drain hole Main bearing cap The above new modified designs characteristics of cylinder block are described in design subdivision in inside informations.Factors act uponing the design of the cylinder blocks:Cylinder block design is a complex activity which has to take into consideration a big figure of varied factors. These factors are by and large grouped in the undermentioned classs: Factors related to merchandise specifications, such as weight, expected service life of block dependability, human factor, easiness of operation, frequence of failure, runing cost, titling, possibility of usage after retirement. Factors related to plan specification such as complexness, design codification, runing tonss, flexibleness, lubrication, thermic consideration, electrical consideration and expected life. Material related factors such as strength, stamina, stiffness, denseness, corrosion and wear opposition, cost, handiness, runing point, thermic conduction, procedure ability and recycling. And the fabrication related factors such as available fiction procedure, truth, surface coating, required measure and quality, bringing clip and cost. Successful design should take into history the map, stuff belongingss and fabricating procedures as shown in the fig below. The fig besides shows that there is secondary relationship between stuff belongingss and fabrication procedures, between map and fabrication procedures, and between map and stuff belongingss. The relationship between the design and stuff belongingss is complicated because the public presentation of the stuff in the finished merchandise can be reasonably different from that of the stock stuff used in doing it. This is shown in fig.which shows the direct influence of stock stuff belongingss, production method and component geometry and external forces on the behavior of stuffs in the finished constituent. Fig besides shows that secondary relationship exists between geometry and production method, between stock stuff and production method, and stock stuff and component geometry. ( Mahmoud m.farag )Factor that should see in a constituent DesignFigure: – Facto rs that should be considered in expecting the behavior of stuff in the constituent ( Cylinder Block )Production system design: –Production system design is connected with the market analysis, merchandise design, fabrication, gross revenues and distribution. In our instance there is no selling analysis and non even gross revenues and distribution so the production system will be easy to plan. Because of this is one-off merchandise it does n't required any large production line or particular equipments. The production system in our instance covers the machining, tooling and other work piece mounting accoutrements. The whole cylinder block is traveling to be machined on the 3-axis manual milling machine. The milling machine is located at Coventry university workshop. In the workshop CNC 5-axis milling machine is besides available but due to the undertaking restraint, the usage of the other machine is non possible. The Numberss of different tools and cutters are required for the machining of the cylinder block which is besides available in workshop.The machine is ever free for making the occupation ( machining ) . For mounting the cylinder block on the machine, it is been decided to utilize spliting caput, and fixture home base. Dividing caput is already available in workshop and in good status. And the fixture is traveling to be design foremost and so manufactured from the dramatis personae Fe individually before the machining of cylinder block. The machining operation can be performed from 9.30 am to 4.30 autopsy in the university workshop. [ 0 ] Boothroyd, G. , 1988, Dewhurst, P. , Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly [ 1 ] Issue in design/manufacture integrating 1990, Sponsored by ; The design for industry commission of the design applied scientist division, ASME, DE-Vol.29 [ 2 ] Design for fabricating a structural approachby corrado poli, University of Massachsetts Amhest,2001 [ 3 ] Design for industry Congress seminar documents – 33, Chairman – J Ford Lucas auto braking Systems. [ 4 ] Design for industry Schemes, Principles and Techniques by toilet Corbett, mikedooner, John Meleka and Christopher Pym.-1991 [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/dfm.html [ 6 ] Engineering Design byGeorge E.Dieter and Linda C.Schmidt-4th Edition, McGraw Hill-2009.

Ashford University Library: What does the library have to offer? Essay

Research is one of the most important parts of an individual’s academic life and proof that they have developed their academic skills and knowledge in their area of study. Ashford University Library is an amazing place where one is able to access all the materials that is needed in carrying out a research in any field of study. Conducting any kind of research requires full access to various sources that are considered to be scholarly sources that are reliable for information and data that will help in making the research credible. Using Ashford University Library for research and to access data and information from reliable sources offers an opportunity for s credible research since the library has scholarly sources as well as popular sources that can easily be accessed (Ashford University, 2013). Ashford University Library: What does the library have to offer?                The benefits of using Ashford University Library are that a researcher is able to access all data and information within the library without having to engage the services of outside sources (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). The materials and sources which are included in the portfolio of Ashford University Library are credible and reliable sources which are easy to access through the simplest search tools of the library (Ashford University, 2013). This helps in saving a lot of time when carrying out a research since all information and data is within research by simply using the search tools which include the university’s database and the Find@AU search tool that are simple and easy to use. Ashford University Library has sources which are considered scholarly and sources which are considered popular (Calkins, 2007). Scholarly sources within the library simply refers to sources which that have been published by recognized scholarly organizati ons or institutions such as universities and sources which have been sent out to other scholarly peers for an anonymous review. The sources always include journals and even books which have been published by scholarly groups, colleges or universities (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). Furthermore, in scholarly sources, the original research have been published in books and even journals, written by people who are experts in that field of study, has citations and are usually longer, having about 10 to 30 pages of research (Calkins, 2007). Popular sources on the other hand are considered to contain interesting stories, which may refer to research but do not necessarily contain the original research that was conducted. In addition, they are written by general public, they lack citations in most occasions, not peer-reviewed and they tend to be much shorter, having about 200 words to some few pages of writing (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). To make proper use of the library’s database and to know effectively and efficiently what you need for your research, it would be important to know what your research entails and what you hope to achieve with the final completed research (Ashford University, 2013). This means the thesis and the problem question to be answered by the research must be identified and clearly understood after which one will be able to know what materials to look for in the library (Calkins, 2007). The resources that fit the need for the research can be identified through the problem question and the thesis statement which will help in knowing whether the research will require use of scholarly sources or any other sources which can help in providing data for the research. Conclusion                Conducting a complete research that is satisfactory and one that can be relied on requires the use of data and information sources which are reliable. Ashford University Library provides great opportunity for conducting research since it offers a wide range of scholarly sources that can be relied on for research in any field of study. The benefits that one gets from using Ashford University Library are numerous since the sources available within the university are considered to be scholarly hence the reliability of the resources. References Ashford University, (2013), Library Services viewed from http://www.ashford.edu/student_services/library_resources.htm on 9th August 2014. Ashford University, (2013), Writing Services, viewed from https://awc.ashford.edu/research-papers-intro-to-the-online-library.html on 9th August 2014. Calkins, S. R. (2007). Evaluating Internet and Scholarly Sources Across the Disciplines: Two Case Studies. College Teaching, 55(4), 151-156. Gasparyan, A., Ayvazyan, L., Gorin, S. V., & Kitas, G. D. (2014). Upgrading instructions for authors of scholarly journals. Croatian Medical Journal, 55(3), 271-280. doi:10.3325/cmj.2014.55.271 Source document

Automated Daily Time Record

In compliance with the Civil Service Commission’s (CSC) rules on personnel management, each agency shall require a daily record of attendance of officers and employees including those serving in the field or on the water; to be kept on the proper form, and whenever possible, registered on the bundy clock (KMD,Solution Fit for e-DTR. 2008. Online November 24, 2013. http://ilocos. net. ph/DTRMANUAL/eDTR%20MANUAL%20basic. pdf). It is important to remember that the time record is a legal document that provides the basis for payment of salary and accrual of leave credits.The time record must contain a certification statement attesting to the accuracy of the record, which must be signed by the employee. The time record must also be certified by the supervisor. The record of attendance must show actual hours worked.This includes all hours worked beyond the basic workweek for both overtime eligible and overtime ineligible employees. Since supervisors are required to certify the actual hours worked by both overtime eligible and overtime ineligible employees, supervisors must monitor the actual hours worked by these employees.Supervisors should ensure that procedures and expectations with respect to additional hours of work have been clearly communicated to employees (John Currier. 2000. Online. 2013 from http://www. brockport. edu/~shra/pef_attend. htm. ).Automated Employee Attendance Daily time record system is a computerized medium of gathering data, this is the time taken to achieve a given daily objective or task. The time will vary with a given task and can range from house related tasks to work related task.It is the method of logging and organizing time information. (http://www. technologyevaluation. com/search/for/data-flow-diagram-of-daily-time-record-system. html). It can be used for work projects, bus schedules, and airplane schedules or at school schedules.Computerized Daily Time Record completely replaces manual time card machines or your hand writte n time and attendance records. It is a computer based time clock and time keeping solutions that record and monitor employees’ log-in/log-out times by means of computer system.According to www. system. webcrawler. com there are several positive factors that DTRS can give, it will give an accurate time control management to the employee, and it can give accurate time computation, decreases the paper works and other equipment expenses.AEADTR plays major rule in the payroll system, thus, it gives computerized and ready to use data instantly. DTRS can make payroll processing easy and it may lead to accurate recording of payroll information.This Automated Employee Attendance Daily Time Record focuses on the need to design a system that will automatically arrange the record and calculate the average attendance of each employee. A well-conceived and implemented automated employee record system can reduce the costs of handling the paperwork associated with record keeping.Manual atten dance record system is not efficient and requires time to arrange record and to calculate the average attendance of each individual employee. Automated employee Attendance Daily Time Record is intended to replace the manual model of attendance record keeping.Merry Child School is using ball pen or log book to record its attendance this system need a computer and the employee will record his/her attendance with a password and the system will arrange the record and calculate the average attendance of the employee.By the programmed database, it will provide job details to the human resources department as the salary period comes. With this programmed database, the accumulation of employee information will be possible and at the same time helps managers to employ simple approach to inspect the employee information for verification of truth.This programmed database will allow the supervisor to establish timetable for each employee including recess times, holidays and whether overtime is needed. Daily Time Software is used by many organizations to assist hold course of employee hours for payroll purposes.Daily Time Software tracks employee time information in a database that helps managers to have simple entry to employee data and to analyze the data for accuracy. The Daily Time Clock packages provide scheduled administration. Daily Time Software innovative structure features fundamental coverage and connections to payroll systems.At the conclusion of the salary time, each employee's hours are automatically reported to the human resources department, reducing paperwork and eliminating errors. Arrival and exit times using a computer time clock. To log in/log away, employees take unusual identifiers, such as cards with magnetic stripe or barcodes, biometric input devices that stop fingerprints or handprints, and iris scanners that are not widely distributed because of privacy concerns. Daily Time Software completely replaces manual time card machines or your hand writ ten time and attendance records.Daily Time Software eliminates the need for you to spend more hours each week compiling your manual Bundy systems into a report to supply to your payroll department. Daily Time Software saves hours of generating automated payroll reports for your employees by simply, printing out the reports and write the checks.Daily Time Software supports weekly. You can put together a real workforce solution through Daily Time Software ( beverly82, august 2011. Online. http://www. studymode. com/essays/Automated-Daily-Time-System-Literature-756653.html. ) It records and provides real time and updated Merry Child School employee time-ins and outs, pass slips (personal or official), leave credits, overtimes and even deviances. The office policies (internal and external) were used as the basis of the automated computations and as the guideline for the implementation of the system. This system attempts to lessen the time spent of the Personnel Unit in manually computin g the leave credits and overtimes; thus making the maintenance of the records of the staffs of MCS easier.It also records the number of hours spent by an employee whenever he/she gets out of the office by virtue of the pass slip or request for a vehicle. Employee’s violations such as tardiness and under-times are likewise recorded. With the automation of the processes, the Personnel Unit are has more time to work on their other deliverables, thus improve their productivity.The proposed system contains attendance record in electronic files containing details of absence or presence of a specific employee registration during a semester. Attendance records have been collected on paper forms and verified with hand written signatures.However, the increasing demand for automated employee attendance daily time record should be implemented as soon as possible in order to reduce the costs of handling the paper works with record keeping. (2013, 11. Daily Time Record. StudyMode. com. Ret rieved 11, 2013, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Daily-Time-Record-1831449. html .This proposed system described in this document should be implemented also in different school and all automated systems must follow the standard procedures. This study will try to organize the current school attendance record system that will be much quicker and will save time.Statement of the ProblemThe proposed â€Å"Automated Employee Attendance daily time record† to the Merry Child School seeks to develop their current system and provides answers to the following problems specifically on payroll processing such as the security issues, inaccurate calculation of working time, total late, total absences, and under time.Manual process can lead to poor service and delayed payroll creation. Damage or loss of the manual process may lead to inaccurate file restoration and it’ll affect the momentum of payroll creation and both the employer and the employee will suffer.ObjectivesThe sol e purpose of this study is to provide quality and genuine service involving the employee’s personal information to create a system that is called the Automated Employee Attendance Daily Time record. It may solve related issues according to the data gathered from the school.This system is designed to create an automated DTR or so called the AEADTR system that will ensure the employee to receive a total security of its data, proper monitoring of reports in each employee, and for rating and prompting the employee for their overall remarks according to their record.It also provides a user friendly environment that would ensure both quality and easy manipulation. This system is developed to provide accurate and safe computation of data being gathered through each employee of Merry Child School, to provide proper time management to the administration, to lessen the expenses of the institution and to properly monitor the attendance of the employees. This is to evaluate if the system has provided the administrator the needs and fill up the missing piece of their business.Scope and LimitationsThe scope of the study focuses on attendance processing that will provide management of the daily time record, computation of total duty hour, absences, overtime and late. The output data of this system will be used as reference in creating a payroll. In addition, the system will provide total security of data, monitoring of the employees reports, and evaluating each employee based on the data shown in their records. For the security, the system is equipped with unique barcode scanning that will scan each identification card of the employee containing the barcode and safely store it to the database that can be used for future references.For monitoring, the system will automatically generate a prompt to the employee if the employee has a good attendance standing. This will allow the admin to instantly monitor each one of the institutions constituents.Significance of the stud yThis system could contribute to the better and brighter way of processing the Daily time record by providing accurate and stable data gathering through its secure and precise processes. Accounting department could benefit this system because of its fast and accurate process and will result to reducing their discomfort of preparing employee salary.Also this system provides reports to each employee that could help the administrator identify which of them acquire excellent or poor status. The administrator can prepare the salary fast with its pay Slip ready through the help of both DTR system and Payroll system working together and this could benefit the employer and the employee. This study will also benefit the next generation of students that will take the degree of any computer studies courses in Capitol University. If approved, then, this will serve as their reference for future research.

Review article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Review - Article Example There is ample background information on the genes that contribute to the biological clock in drosophila. These include the period (per) and timeless (tim) clock genes. In addition, drosophila that lack photoreceptive organs have been observed to transmit light information to the clock (Plautz et al., 1633). This indicates the existence of unidentified circadian photoreceptors in the insect. Each of these three segments exhibited rhythmic bioluminescence in light dark conditions. When the conditions were changed to constant darkness, a gradual decrease in amplitude was observed (Plautz et al., 1633).The cultures managed to reentrain to a new light dark cycle where the onset of light occurred 6 hours later than the free-running subjective dawn. The process of reentrainment happened in a cycle and the main biolumiscent peak declined 20 hours after lights-on. These findings show that other organs such as the legs, wings and testes in drosophila express photoreceptors. After reviewing the article, the following research questions can be formulated. First, expression of per gene in the tissues displaying photoreceptive activity needs to be investigated. Secondly, a comparison needs to be made on the expression of per and tim genes in the tissues displaying photoreceptive

Labelling people with disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labelling people with disabilities - Essay Example These facts are significant for there is a need to deviate from the environmental influence to change our perceptions of a person with disability. They should be considered as human beings rather than as labels. Parents should be advised that although it is good to keep their family members with disabilities at home, getting outside services and financial support for their basic needs may be limited. Organizations can influence people to respect the rights of people with disabilities and help them participate in the community through unbiased employment, easy access to public and private accommodations and services. People should know that people with disabilities have the capability to direct their own futures and participate in the community as first-class American citizens as well. Chapter 2 focuses on the reaffirmation of the rights of students with disabilities, including the major provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, characteristics of effective special education, and the current trends in educational services and supports. Clearly, the U.S. Supreme Court states that education is a right and not a privilege (Hardman, Drew & Egan, 2006). ... lities, including non-discriminatory and multidisciplinary assessment, parental safeguards and involvement, individualized education program, and education in the least restrictive environment. Effective special education should have these three characteristics: intensive instruction of instructional experiences, and explicitly teaching academic, adaptive, and/or functional life skills. According to the No Child Left Behind law, the four principles for school accountability are: 1) student achievement as the primary measure of school success, 2) challenging academic standards, 3) extension of the standards to all students, and 4) heavy reliance on achievement testing. These laws, provisions and principles are important in order to promote the rights of people with special needs in education through appropriate programs, services and instruction. Teachers should aim to provide instruction that caters to the students' needs, interests, abilities, and skills. They should also provide practical skills that foster students' participation and involvement in family, school and community life. Most importantly, they should be able to look at students with and without disabilities equally, regardless of the severity of the disability, economic status, ethnic, and racial backgrounds. Timeline of Significant Events in the History of Special Education in APA style (name of student) (name of university) According to Hallahan (2000), exceptional children are always present but Special Education services are not. It was only in the late 18th Century that effective procedures were developed for training exceptional children. The diagram outlines six major events in the history of Special Education. In early B.C, special children were considered as cursed,

Nutrition Science with menu I created Assignment - 1

Nutrition Science with menu I created - Assignment Example When ordering, you will not order partial cases. For example, if you need 8 No 10 cans, order two cases. Plan a one-day menu including serving sizes from the foods listed at the end of this document. When a food is portioned to be an individual serving in the list included in this assignment, use that as the serving size. For example, dry, uncooked cereal is on the list in single serving boxes/cartons that range from 0.75 to 1.375 ounces. If you use one of them as a menu item, the serving size will be the same as the weight on the list. For other foods, Table 2.4 (12th edition) in Food for Fifty or 4.1 (13th Edition) is very helpful in determining some serving sizes. For example, nearly all vegetables, which are typically portioned with a number 8 dipper, i.e.,  ½ cup, are listed in the table as being a 3 oz portion. This means they weigh 3 oz. This does not mean 3 fluid ounces. USE FORM 1 FOR YOUR MENU PLAN. Failure to use the form will result in a 5 point deduction. You will need to prepare a purchase order for the foods and ingredients you need to serve your newly planned menu to 50 people. Use the attached form, FORMAT FOR DETERMINING PURCHASE INFORMATION, Form 2. The list of foods includes the price. It will also indicate the size of an institutional package/case and the contents of the case. 1. Using FORM 2, list all the menu items including any ingredients you will need to make the menu item in the first column. For example, in the sample, for scrambled eggs, both eggs and milk are listed. Then in the second column, list the amount you will need to make 50 servings. If you need a partial can or package please indicate that in the column titled Quantity to serve 50. If the product comes in 1 oz or approximately 1 oz (cereal) or 4 or 6 oz portions (juice, pudding, yogurt, etc), indicate in the â€Å"Quantity to serve

Genesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genesis - Essay Example First, man was made in the image of God as a proof that God has the ability to make decisions. This characteristic can also be seen in humans, as they have the ability to make decisions. This is an exceptional characteristic that is evident in humans. On one hand, humans have the freewill to make decisions, without any obligation from other animals. However, all the other creatures on the earth surface do not have such characteristics, as they are bound by nature. Similarly, creation of man in the image of God enhances the creativity of the Supreme Being. Humans have the ability to be creative in a number of aspects. Apparently, this aspect gave humans control over other creatures on the surface of the earth, since they lack such a character. In addition to this, humans have the mental and social capability, which is enhanced through speech. When looking at the book of Genesis, God communicated through speech. Since the word of God was immensely powerful, all the creation was made th rough spoken words. Ultimately, God gave man the ability to speak. This shows common characteristics in man and God. Making man in the image of God redeems human beings from the animal world. According to the story of creation, God is in ultimate control of all creation2. He has control over all activities, animals, plants and any other creation. However, after creating man in his image, God gave man control over the other creatures on the earth’s surface3. In essence, man was instated as the supreme control over all the creation on earth. This shows that God gave man the power to take care of all the creation, which is in resemblance of His character. Man was created in the image of God, which denotes the righteousness and innocence of God. As a fact, God is holy and supreme being with a moral compass. Initially, Adam was created as â€Å"very

Employee resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Employee resourcing - Essay Example The contrast between these two classifications is that in external selection process, employments are not constrained like corporate recruiters (Tong & Shivanand, 2005). Companies have taken up advanced methods to perform their human resource practices like recruitment, selection, preparing and promotions and appraisals, execution evaluation and so forth. Online recruitment is successful regarding fast data accumulation of seeker, giving definite and uniform information to the petitioner sand efficient (Internet Recruiting: Is It Right for you, July 2001). This discovering is further backed by Hopkins & Markham (2003) study which contends that to accelerate the recruitment process, online recruitment is acknowledged as the best practice. Online recruitment is likewise compelling regarding performing ability administration process (Burbach & Royle, 2010). These discoveries are tested by the report dependent upon the point of view of top official. It states that top executives normally stay away from web selecting because of their hesitance towards the utilization of web to seek work (Top Executives Shun Internet Recruiting, April 2000). As stated by these executives, web does not give itemized impression of their encounter that is essential for indicating their learning range. It could be contended starting here that still there is a need to enhance the discernment of top executives to make them understand that online recruitment and choices are powerful. It is additionally recognized that Davenport Management Limited, a UK firm has attained colossal profits after the execution of contracting administration framework (HMS), an online recruitment and choice regarding diminished recruitment expense, employing of value hopefuls and speedy determination process. At NHS, E-recruitment methodology takes after an orderly approach to enroll individuals in a practical manner and spares time of applicants (Recruitment

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries Case Study - 1

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries - Case Study Example r that the Amazon.com Company is a verified technology leader; it has developed electronic commerce innovations such as personalization of shopping services and easy-to-use search and browse features (Anderson & Young, 2001). Shopping at Amazon.com is fast and safe, incorporating a simple ordering system, secure credit card transactions, and e-mail communication with customers and direct shipping internationally. The Internet is an increasingly significant global medium for online commerce. The Company’s headquarters are based in the Seattle, Washington. The Amazon.com firm successfully accomplished its initial civic offering in the mid-month of the year 1997 and its common stock is listed on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol AMZN. In many ways, Amazon.com is perhaps the company that is most closely tied with the E-Commerce phenomenon. The company has grown from a bookseller to a fundamental Wal-Mart of the website selling products as diverse such as Music compact discs, game applications, software and apparatus and hardware. The company has also grown at a steady rate with revenues rising from about one hundred million dollars in 1997 to three billion dollars in 2001 (Anderson & Young, 2001). However, the rise in revenue has led to a corresponding increase in operating losses making the company to run a great deficit. The company did make its first quarterly profit of five million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2001. Unfortunately, this was made to decline by vital cumulative losses. Great economists first defined the concept of Activity Based Activity in the late 19th century in that period. Originally, the ABC was focusing on the manufacturing industry where the technical upgrading and output upgrading had reduced the quantity of express labor and the material costs, though there was an increase in the percentage of indirect or overhead cost. In contrast to the traditional cost accounting system, the activity based cost systems originally

A Second Chance Essay Example for Free

A Second Chance Essay It was my chance to prove myself; I was about to go out there and audition for a talent show through singing and playing the piano. I was so sure that I would do it, since I knew the judges personally and they were already aware that I had the talent. I haven’t actually practiced the song as much as I was supposed to, but I was certain that I would know it properly since I have practiced before several times. I was waiting for my turn, and while I was waiting, I was starting to get nervous and tense about the whole thing. When I was up, I took a deep breath and started playing the song. The first thing I did wrong was mix up the notes. The first time was excused as it was thought to be normal and that everyone makes mistakes. The second time was also excused, the third, the fourth.. It was starting to get irritating. Other than the note mix up, when I started to sing, my voice went too high and I started to get out of breath. In addition to this, I forgot and mixed all the lyrics of the song. This made me stop in the middle of the song excusing myself for all the mistakes that I’ve done. Since the judges were my friends, they were totally understandable; they realized that I was nervous and that I am good at this, despite my failed efforts. This made me feel miserable. I have failed to preform something I have known and been playing for almost a year. I couldn’t sing the song without making a word mixup every now and then. I informed the judges the next day that I would like to audition again, and this time I was going to do it right. The minute I told them I was going to audition again, I went home searching for a completely different song to preform, and this time I was going to focus on singing it only. I found the perfect song, and once I did I started practicing on it. I have noticed that the last time I auditioned, I was nervous when my turn was up, so I decided to ask different people I knew to hear me out, and anytime I would get nervous I would randomly start singing, to try and overcome my fear of preforming in front of a crowd. When the day of my second audition finally arrived, I was assured that I would do it this time, given the fact that I have practiced beforehand and tried to overcome my fear. The minute I preformed, I felt a tinge of nervousness, but then It was like I was preforming to myself, not scared at all. I was confident enough and because of this I did a good job and the judges loved it. This made me realize that once you set your mind on something, even if you fail it once, you can always achieve it. If you have the will to do it, you will succeed. The second thing I realized was that you should always, ALWAYS make sure you are prepared for any situation that may arise, even if you think you know how to handle it. After all, practice makes perfect. This has made me believe that I should never give up on where I want to study, and even if I don’t get accepted the first time, I can work harder and apply again, I have nothing to loose. I should believe in myself and prepare myself for what’s ahead and will hopefully succeed.

Sports Equity and Inclusion in British Rowing

Sports Equity and Inclusion in British Rowing British Rowing: A critical review Rowing is a sport which involves propelling a boat on a body of water using oars to push against the water and produce a force to move the boat. Rowing itself can be recreational or competitive and competition in rowing can be traced back to Ancient Egypt. Modern rowing as a sport dates back to the 10th Century in London. The arrival of Boat Clubs, for example, the Leander club in England, and the formation of University and public school rowing teams, especially at Oxford, Cambridge, and Eton in the early 18th Century, propelled the popularity of the sport to other Universities and boat clubs around the globe including the U.S and Germany (Burnell, Page, 1997).   Rowing is also one of the oldest Olympic sports. Initially it was part of the 1896 Olympics but the racing could not go ahead due to bad weather. Since 1900 it has been present at every Olympic Games with competitions ranging from individual races (single scull) to eight-person shells (coxed eight). Rowing has also had women participants from 1976 and Paralympic athletes from 2008 (Olympic Studies Centre, 2015). Despite being an amateur sport, rowing in Britain has always reflected the division of social classes by being synonymous with the more upper classes. Sugden, Tomlinson (2000) support this by suggesting that involvement in Henleys boating regatta can be a clear sign of high social status. Social classes, in their most basic form can be described as a division of a society based on social and economic status (English | Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). Later in the report I will analyse this further using different theories and concepts. During the rise in popularity of sports in Britain in the 18th century some sports, for example, football and Rugby, were more associated with the working and lower middle classes and other sports, for example, tennis and golf, where more associated with the upper middle and upper classes (Wilson, 2002). This can be attributed to all cultural consumption, including sports consumption, which requires the right tastes and preferences as well as knowledge and skills. This is called cultural capital. (Bourdieu, 1986, cited in Holt, 1998). Cultural capital is defined by access to cultural processes and products. These include the way by which educational, social and intellectual knowledge can used to advantage the social and economic position of a particular individual or group (Bourdieu, 1986, cited in Beedie, Craig, 2010, p. 268). The access to higher levels of educational knowledge in the 18th Century was achieved through the public schools which required fees to attend. Therefore, th ey attracted students from more economically advanced backgrounds and wealthy families that could afford the fees. These included schools like Westminster, Harrow, and the previously mentioned Eton (UK Parliament, 2017). As rowing was only available at boat clubs, universities, and public schools, all of which were out of reach to all but the ruling class, rowing became the preserve of the higher classes. People in poverty and low social classes, therefore, found it harder to participate in the sport. Rowing in England today is governed by British Rowing. The organisation was founded in 1882 and oversees both indoor and on-water rowing. They are responsible for the development of rowing in England and the selection of crews and individual rowers that represent Great Britain. They are affiliated with the International Rowing Federation and the International Olympic Committee. British Rowing has roughly 30,000 individual members that range in age from 11 to over 80. Individual members are usually linked to one of 550 associated rowing clubs, which in turn are within ten rowing regions in England. Each region has a regional rowing council and representatives who represent them on British Rowings Council. The British Rowing Council is made up of the members of the Board, the Regional Chairmen, the Honorary President, the Honorary Rowing Safety Adviser, the Regional Representatives, Home Nations Representative, and Honorary Life Vice Presidents (Governance British Rowing, 2017). The m embers of the Board are the Directors of British Rowing who meet regularly to manage the business of the organisation. This is headed by the chairman, Annamarie Phelps, CBE. Together they create and govern the policies and initiatives of British Rowing. This report will look specifically at the Equity and Inclusion policies and initiatives for British Rowing. Equity is about being fair and impartial and examines inequalities resulting from race, class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, age, religion, or disability (Fletcher, Dashper, 2014). Being inclusive is about providing many different options to suit people of all ages, skills, and backgrounds, in the most appropriate manner that is possible. Therefore, Equity and Inclusion in sport can be defined as being fair and providing a range of opportunities for different people from different backgrounds to participate in sport. By being equitable and inclusive, a sporting organisation, or sport in general, can help to tackle inequalities that are present in wider society. In sociology and sport the idea of inequality has been broadly characterized and has been connected to different political ideologies. Inequality, as characterized from the right, is unavoidable, or is important for society to cope well. Conversely, from the left, inequality is a social detriment and ought to be killed by vote based or progressive means. This can mean democratically via policies and initiatives or even via revolution and forced change. As indicated by Donnelly (1996), Sport by its very nature, produces, and displays inequality. Early research proposed that sport reflected existing inequalities i.e., it was a microcosm of society. Regardless, more critical research of sport has since uncovered that, as opposed to being a passive component and simply reflecting inequality, sport, by means of social operators collaborations with sporting spaces, is effectively involved in creating, repeating, supporting and indeed, acts as a site for resistance when it comes to inequal ity (Dashper, Fletcher, 2013). Jarvie, Thornton (2012) add to this by stating that Inequality is often limited to two notions of inequality namely inequality of condition and inequality of opportunity. Inequality of condition refers to factors such as time, income, occupation, and education, whereas, inequality of opportunity focuses on the individual and the degree of freedom they may have. Equity and inclusion policies should aim to negate these inequalities. In order to correctly analyse the equity and inclusion policies and their impact on a group within society an organisational SWOT analysis will be conducted for British Rowing in regards to their Equity and Inclusion policies and initiatives (Appendix). A SWOT grid / matrix is a grid that highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with an organisation. The strengths are positive factors that are internal to the organisation and within their control. The weakness are also internal factors that may hinder the organisations ability to attain their goals. Opportunities are external factors that the organisation can use and take advantage of in order to progress. Threats are also external factors that could jeopardise the organisations progress.   Once the grid has been filled the information is analysed to ascertain the limitations and issues affecting the organisation. The benefits of a SWOT analysis are that it is cost free, quick and easy to use, anyone can conduct it, it can highlight strengths, weaknesses, deter threats, capitalise on opportunities, provide a better understanding of the organisation and help develop goals and strategies. There are, however, limitations to a SWOT analysis. A S WOT analysis cannot provide solutions, doesnt prioritise issues, it is open to human error, can produce a lot of useless information and doesnt address complex two sided factors that could be considered a strength or a weakness. Taking these into consideration I have listed 3-5 key points in each grid and will expand on them during the analysis. The first strength that was highlighted was that the British Rowing Equity Policy identified key principles in regards to equity in rowing. It stated that Sports Equity is about fairness in sport, equality of access, recognising inequalities and taking steps to address them. It involves changing the culture and structure of sport to ensure that it becomes equally accessible to all members of society (BRITISH ROWING EQUITY POLICY, 2014). It goes on to explain that no members will be treated differently due to certain factors (age, class, gender etc.) and that anyone can have an equal opportunity to participate. This shows that the equity policy has considered the two notions of inequality as previously discussed and that it will try to address these issues. The second strength highlighted was the implementation of an equity action plan to display their commitment to sports equity. The action plan is 5 points and one key point is the commitment to tackle under representation should eff ort be unevenly distributed. They also state the need to review the policy annually which is good practice. The third strength highlighted was the recognition of the legal requirements to be fair and equitable. This includes The Equality act: 2010 among others. The forth strength highlighted was the Adaptive rowing initiative designed to encourage people with disability to join rowing. Through this initiative, they also recruit people to participate in the Paralympics. This is an excellent strength and one that is surely equitable. The final strength was a statistic from 2013 showing that 52% of new recruits were men and 48% were women which displays a very even split between the two genders. This shows their equity policy is working to break down gender barriers as previous stats showed a 60/40 split in favour of men (British Rowing, 2013). The first weakness in the equity and inclusion initiatives was that participation from state schools remains low. 7% of the U.Ks school children are educated by independent schools but 54% of Great Britains elite rowers from the 2012 Olympic games were educated at independent schools. Those from state schools learnt almost entirely from boat clubs (Brown, 2016). The second weakness was that the cost of equipment/membership. Membership at clubs can be on average  £150-300 for a junior participant and even more for adults (Club rules, forms and prices, 2017 and Smithson, 2017). There is also a membership fee with British Rowing from  £17 for a junior to  £1150 for a lifetime membership. These fees may not be affordable for those who are struggling financially and who are in poverty and therefore the costs of the memberships act as a barrier to participation for those individuals. The final weakness is that equity policy states that British Rowing will publicise this to all employ ees, members, volunteers and officials through its website, Almanack, magazine and club mailings (BRITISH ROWING EQUITY POLICY, 2014). This is good to an extent but there is no mention of publicising its equity policy beyond its members and inner circles. By publicising its equity policy to a wider and more diverse audience in the public it is possible to encourage more participation from individuals that may not realise the opportunity is there to join the sport and that it is inclusive. The first opportunity highlighted was the increased popularity in rowing after the success of the 2012 Olympic games in London. British Rowing endured a spike in new recruits of 12.2% in the final 6 months of 2012 (British Rowing, 2013). British Rowing could take further advantage of this by specifically targeting certain groups in society that have low participation levels. The second opportunity is related to the first. It was that the one of the Olympic legacys goals were Promoting community engagement and achieving participation across all groups in society through the Games (London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Annual Report February 2011). The final opportunity is that rowing is one of Britains most successful sports. They have accumulated 68 medals, including 31 gold, in mens rowing alone at the Olympics, 3rd overall in the history of the games. This can inspire more people to join and be part of the sport. The first threat highlighted was that costs may remain high or even grow with inflation. Costs to participate is a barrier for individuals but the cost for state schools to build facilities and buy equipment, such as boat houses, indoor rowers, storage rooms etc., can be a major factor in state schools deciding not to become involved in rowing. Another threat is that, despite being one of Britains most successful sports, rowing still falls behind other sports such as football, rugby, tennis, cricket, badminton, swimming, and athletics, in terms of popularity (Russell, 2014). Other sports may be more appealing to new participants and sports that are played regularly at both state and independent schools will inevitably have higher participation levels and a more diverse participation pool. The final threat is that now that the 2012 Olympics is long over, and the buzz around rowing is diminishing, the opportunity to encourage state schools and people from social deprivation backgrounds to participate could be fading. From the SWOT analysis, we can see there are issues and challenges for people in social deprivation and in the lower classes of society. To fully understand the context and impact of this, definitions must be understood and sociological theory must be applied. Sociology, as defined by Giddens (2001), is the study of human social life, groups and societies. A theory is a framework for understanding, but it always develops within a particular cultural context and is always provisionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ theory provides us with a starting point for our understanding but it begs to be expanded, contradicted, refined, replaced (Birrell, 2000). Therefore, a sociological theory is a framework of understanding around the study of human social life, groups, and societies. Three key terms must also be understood and they are ideology, power, and politics. Ideology is the shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify the interests of dominant groups (Giddens, 2001). Power is the ability of individ uals, or the members of a group, to achieve aims or further the interests they holdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Many conflicts in society are struggles over power (Giddens, Sutton, 2013, p. 584). Politics takes place wherever conflict exists about goals and the method of achieving those goals (Houlihan, 2002). The way in which society develops unequal layers based on wealth, income, status, and power is defined as social stratification (Beedie, Craig, 2010, p. 116). Karl Marxs Conflict Theory can be used to better understand the social stratification from the perspective of poorer groups and less powerful of people. Karl Marxs work on conflict theory can be best understood by taking into consideration the context of the social world in which he lived. He developed his work during the mid-19th Century, which was a time of deep political and social unrest, due to the rapid expanding system of industrial capitalism and the political and economic issues that accompanied it (Foster, 1979). These political and economic tensions helped to further divide society in the form of social classes, that competed against each other, forming a class conflict. The Marxist view on social class can be basically divided into two main groups but the reality is that there are at least four groupings, which Marx identified to a certain extent. They are the lumpenproetariat, the proletariat, the petite bourgeoisie, and the bourgeoisie. They can also be called the underclass, the working class, the middle class, and the upper class. Each have their own problems and goals and are interconnected and interdependent to a ce rtain degree. This makes it hard to allocate class labels at times as it be a fluid and elastic term that is ever changing. Nevertheless, Marx describes the upper class as the class in control of the means of production and the classes below are the ones that make these means possible by selling their labour for wages. This division of labour causes relationships between classes to become exploitative where the upper classes exploit the lower classes by maximising commodity production for profit rather than need. This profit driven ideology is based on and creates inequalities and these inequalities between the classes cause conflict. This relates back to the definition of power where by conflicts in society are struggles over power and that the groups that wield the most power (upper class) can further their aims and interests that they hold. This also then relates back to our definition of politics; that it takes place wherever conflict exists about goals. This explains why some o f the most powerful people in society are located at the summit of politics (Rigauer, Tomlinson, 2002). When applying this sport, it is important to understand, as previously mentioned, that sport can act as a microcosm of society and reflect the fractures and divisions within society. If modern sport was developed in the 19th Century in tandem with the rise of industrial capitalism, then it is understandable that the same divides and conflicts that were in society at the time were reflected in sport. Houlihan and Malcolm (2016) add to this and state that Sport reflects and reproduces the ideologies of capitalism like aggressive individualism, ruthless competition, elitismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦These ideasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in sport, reflect the broader structure of capitalist society. Having considered the historical context of rowing at the beginning of the report, it is clear to see how Sugden, Tomlinson (2000) suggested that rowing was a sport more associated with the upper classes. As rowing as a competitive sport began to form in independent schools, which became less and less accessible to the lower classes with the rise of industrial capitalism, the only class with the opportunity to participate in the sport were the upper classes that attended the high fee paying schools and as a result rowing, with its lack of lower class members became a sport for the upper class in the 19th century.   Beedie, Craig (2010) support this with an example of the town of Bedford. Bedford is a town with a tradition for rowing due to the River Ouse which flows near it. The grass roots entry points to rowing here were dominated by the fee paying independent schools and thus, any school children from state schools wishing to get involved in rowing had a very little oppor tunity to do so. They go on to state that rowing does not reflect the cosmopolitan diversity of social groups living in Bedford, but instead remains populated by those privileged educationally. Despite conflicts of social classes being less volatile and society being more integrated in the modern era of sport, the class divide in British Rowing is still clear to see. Of the 12 board members in British Rowing, only 2 attended state schools and of all the elite athletes that represented GB, 54% were educated in independent schools. Despite the organisations significant steps to improving inclusion for disability and female participants, it still has an identity as an upper-class sport. This could be further explained again using Marxism as Marx suggests that the ruling elite à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦controls the means of mental production (Storey, 1993). If the people in charge of British Rowing and the lead figures and elite athlete are constantly coming from upper class backgrounds, then the image and idea of rowing being an upper-class sport cannot be changed. As I have previously mentioned, equity and inclusion polices should seek to negate the inequalities associated with that spo rt. One of those inequalities was highlighted as a lack of opportunity for people in poverty and the lower classes as poverty is at the core of exclusion (Collins, Kay, 2014). To combat this inequality and exclusion, I recommend that British Rowing should seek to reach out to other organisations to form a partnership with the goal of bringing more water sports to state schools. Craig, Mellor (2010) state that the recognition of, and involvement in, common activities enables and promotes social cohesion. Therefore, if more and more people from poverty and social deprivation backgrounds can have a better opportunity to participate in rowing it would improve relations between social classes even more and help to alleviate any barriers. For British Rowing, it will also provide a much larger pool of athletes to choose for elite level competition, for example the Olympics, and this could boost Great Britains success in the sport even further. They have proven that initiatives for specific populations (Female, Disability etc.) can improve participation and success in those groups and further effort for people in poverty could boost participation for that group a lso. Other potential means of improving participation could be to place a cap on membership fees so that they cant rise to a level that will become unaffordable to more people. Reaching out to state schools and providing them with equipment would be highly costly to the organisation. As sport becomes more commercialised and media heavy it is perhaps an option for British Rowing to negotiate a TV or sponsorship deal to raise capital for initiatives to improve equity and inclusion in their sport. Events at the Olympics and The Boat Race are the two main televised rowing events. As The Boat Race is one day per year and events at the Olympics only come once every 4 years, opportunity to highlight the sport to wider audience is not as frequent as some of the sports competitors. Staging exhibition races or creating completions for television could get more regular coverage and help to spread interest in rowing and also raise funds for initiatives to improve equity and inclusion. As sport not only reflects society but also helps to shape it, by using rowing to break down social barriers within the sport, and within social groups, society too may be effected in a positive way. Breaking down these barriers will help to provide more opportunities for participation and to be more fair and equal.

Importance Of Accuracy And Fluency English Language Essay

Importance Of Accuracy And Fluency English Language Essay Accuracy and fluency are two key components of second language acquisition. In todays world, it seems that learning the usage of grammar and focusing on accuracy are emphasized by many language students over fluency. This topic of accuracy and fluency has been a controversial issue that has been discussed for many years. Although some formalists argue that learning a language means learning forms and rules, some activists take a different view and claim that learning a language means learning how to use a language (Eskey, 1983). Thus, this essay will argue that accuracy is not necessarily more important than fluency. It depends on learners needs and the purpose of instruction in second language acquisition. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will first focus on the importance of accuracy and fluency in English learning and show that they are both essential by looking at two different teaching methods. Second, it will turn to discuss both accuracy and fluency in term of learner goals, learner variables and instructional variables. Third, it will suggest what language teachers should do to deal with the issue and find the right balance between them. The importance of accuracy and fluency In this section, it will be argued that both accuracy and fluency are needed in second language acquisition. There has been much discussion about these two components, with arguments put forward in support of either one of the other. However, it will be shown that neither component is useful without the other. Early teaching methods promoted accuracy over fluency. For instance, the Grammar-Translation Method has been used by language teachers for many years. It is the traditional style of teaching method emphasizing grammar explanation and translation (Cook, 2001). In such a method, it is important for students to learn about the form of the target language. The role of the teacher is the authority. Students merely do what the teacher says and learn from the teacher, and many students consider that correct answers are essential. If they make errors or do not know an answer, it is the teachers duty to supply them with the correct answer. However, accuracy cannot be regarded as enough in language learning. According to Larsen-Freeman (2000), in the Grammar-Translation Method, the language that is used in class is mostly the students native language. In this case, there is much less attention to second language speaking and listening. When it comes to speaking and listening skills, fluency needs to be taken account in language learning. For this reason, other methods have emphasized fluency in language learning. It is clear that these approaches are built on learning the use of language not on learning the usage of it. For example, compared with the Grammar-Translation Method, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emphasizes the process of communication rather than just focusing on language forms (Larsen-Freeman, 2000). Since the concept of CLT places an emphasis on fluency, errors of form can be seen as a natural outcome of the development of communication skills. Another argument in favour of fluency is the implementation of language in an authentic environment. In the real world, language is mostly used to express feeling and thought (Eskey, 1983). When there is a purpose to exchange meaning, fluency is the key element during communication. While communicating with each other, foreign language learners often encounter the difficulty, that is, what they know how to say does not achieve their communicative intention. In order to bridge the gap of such discrepancy, learners may use communicative strategies, such as prediction to make the communication successful. This is because if communicators are in the same context, one may predict what the other is going to say next. For example, before the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, taxi drivers in Beijing were trained in order to obtain English speaking ability so that they could communicate with foreign tourists fluently. In this situation, although the taxi drivers were poor at grammar rules, they still can communicate with foreigners. This is because the driver can predict where the foreign passenger will go since their destination may be related to the Olympic Games. In this case, although some grammatical errors exist, communicators can still understand each other because they are in the same context. When listeners can not understand what speakers mean, they usually predict the following conversation and provide immediate response with speakers in the process of meaning negotiation. However, it must be remembered that the achievement of this level of communicative competence does not mean an equal one of grammatical competence (Eskey, 1983). As Eskey (1983: 319) claims, fluency in a language is no guarantee of formal accuracy. A realistic concern is that focusing on fluency may cause the significant effect on accuracy. According to Eskey (1983: 319), rewarding a learners fluency may, in some cases, actually impede his or her achievement of accuracy. For example, in order to get meaning across, language learners find the words, but they either pronounce them wrongly or put them together inappropriately. Such problem happens due to the fact that they can speak English continually but express themselves poorly. Thus, although accuracy is not enough by itself, it is still considered as necessary in language learning. Although learners can still communicate the message to make sense without correct form, it can not be denied that in order to use the language, learners still need to be able to convert linguistic forms into the ability to actually use then. Therefore, when using CLT approach, correcting for accuracy will still be offered by teachers. Although prediction in communicative context may benefit successful communication, fluency is not enough in this circumstance. Without accuracy, misunderstanding may occur because of misspelling, poor pronunciation and grammatical structures. It is therefore clear that as language teachers, both fluency and accuracy must be equally concerned in teaching students to use a language. The elements towards focusing on accuracy and fluency As the first section has mentioned, both accuracy and fluency are needed in the process of language learning. In this section, it will be argued that although these two components are equally necessary, there are three elements that may influence focus on them. The first element to consider is learner goals. It is suggested that many ESL teachers facilitate their students to develop communicative competence to really use the language for authentic purpose. Nonetheless, what students learn from the teacher may not be the outcome that the teacher supposes them to acquire. For example, if Thai children learn English in a rural Thai village, the outcome of language achievement may not all be positive. This is because these children do not need to use English as a tool in their daily life. In contrast, if Thai children learn English in order to sell products to foreigners, then there may be concern about a purpose for communicative competence. Moreover, if they want to pursue higher education in England, accuracy needs to be focused in language learning. Therefore, it seems that the need for accuracy and fluency relates to what goals learners want to achieve. It is considered that learner variables are also a key element which influences the focus on accuracy or fluency. According to Celce-Murcia (1985), a strategy guideline is provided to assist teachers in determining what degree they ought to focus on form in their own classes. In his study, learner variables include age, proficiency level and educational background. It is noted that every individual learns in different ways. Compared with adolescents and adults, young children seem to be more holistic in learning a concept instead of doing apparent analysis. This is because they are too young to analyse the structure of a language. Therefore, if young ESL learners are taught, it is most likely that little grammar instruction is needed. However, if the students are adolescents or adults, focusing on form may be more important. It is also suggested that education level is relevant to focus on accuracy or fluency. This is because teaching learners with preliterate level differs from teaching ones with literate level. If adults are at the level of beginners with little formal education, then focusing on form will be less important while fluency is the top priority. On the other hand, if the learners are at the intermediate or advanced level and are well educated, accuracy may be required and it may be necessary for the teacher to provide some feedback relating to form correction in order for them to make progress. Therefore, focusing on accuracy is not enough, fluency still needs to be concerned in terms of learners age, proficiency level and educational background. Moreover, instructional variables can be seen as the third element, which includes skill, register and need. It is suggested that the need of focus on accuracy and fluency also changes according to the purpose of the instruction. For instance, according to Celce-Murcia (1985), when the teacher is teaching receptive skills, such as listening or reading, the emphasis on form will be less important, since these skills require competence primarily in word recognition. Nevertheless, this does not mean accuracy can be neglected, because when knowing grammatical structure, learners can build up logical connection between sentences, which facilitates both listening and reading comprehension. On the other hand, if the teacher is focusing on productive skills, such as speaking and writing, then formal accuracy will become an essential concern. In addition, it has to be remembered that fluency is still needed for communication purpose. This is because if the teacher is offering a conversation class which purpose is for learners to really use the language to communicate with others, then fluency will be emphasized. Furthermore, if the learners immediate need is survival communication, formal accuracy is less focused. On the other hand, if the learner wants to use the language in a professional field, such as writing an academic essay or being a diplomat, then a high degree of formal accuracy is essential. The higher the stakes, the more likely that accuracy will be important (Eskey, 1983: 318). Therefore, it is clear that both accuracy and fluency are needed and whether focusing on accuracy or fluency depends on learner needs and course objectives. Approaches of finding balance between accuracy and fluency a) Course design and needs assessment Based on these three elements mentioned above, it is suggested that teachers should find the right balance between accuracy and fluency. Eskey (1983) argues that: Teachers must be prepared to deal with students who know grammar rules but can not speak the language fluently; likewise, they must also be prepared to deal with students who are fluent but not accurate (Eskey, 1983). In order to balance accuracy and fluency in language learning and teaching, it is suggested that both these components need to be taught in the process of learning situation. Thus, in this section, it will suggest methods of keeping a balance between accuracy and fluency in term of course design and needs assessment. It has been argued that many language learners have learned grammar rules, but when they want to express themselves, they do not have enough authentic experience of using languages (Celce-Murcia, 1985). Such result may be due to the fact that teaching materials does not provide learners with the context relevant to the communicative situation. In order to solve this problem, Celce-Murcia (1985) suggests an integrating grammar instruction into a communicative curriculum providing purposeful task-based discourse samples. For example, for the general purpose language learners, their beginning level course may start with teaching grammar-meaning correspondences, such as present tense versus past tense. By giving the time frame, students can easily distinguish the difference between these two tenses. After that, students are then taught grammar-function correspondences, such as the tone of must is stronger than need to. As soon as these two basic levels have been established, the teacher can offer discourse-level grammar, such as use of conjunctions. In this case, students not only acquire the grammar rules which focus on accuracy but also apply it for purposeful discourse which focuses on fluency. By this course designed to integrate form, meaning and content, it is possible for learners to balance accuracy and fluency in the communication (Celce-Murcia, 1985). However, there is a simple question about why learners need to balance accuracy and fluency. The answer to this question relates to English for specific purpose (ESP). According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987), courses should be designed to meet learners needs. This may suggest that language teachers should note which learners need more attention on accuracy or fluency. To achieve this goal, for instance, teachers need to gather information about learners needs on accuracy and fluency and identify their target situation by using questionnaires, interviews, observation and informal consultations with learners before a course. Having done this, teachers analyse strategies required to cope in target situation, and then create syllabus which is a document saying which aspect needs more effort on accuracy or fluency. After that, select and design materials to focus on these strategies in syllabus. Finally, after teaching the materials, teachers establish evaluation procedures to test lear ners acquisition of accuracy and fluency (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). b) Evaluation and feedback In this section, it will be argued that course design and needs assessment are not enough. The evaluation and feedback afterwards from learners can also help teachers find the right balance between accuracy and fluency. Evaluation can be defined as a whole process of action which begins with decision of information gathering and ends with change in current courses or influence on future ones (Dudley-Evans and St John, 1998). According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 145), an ESP course, after all, is supposed to be successful. This is because it is designed for particular learners to achieve particular objective with language level of accuracy and fluency. There are two levels of evaluation. The first one is learner assessment. Students performance is assessed at strategic points, such as at the beginning and at the end of the course. This is because ESP concerns with the necessary skills for particular learners to carry out communicative tasks. This kind of assessment enables teachers to determine how much focus on accuracy and fluency is needed (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). As ESP teachers, they need to consider if the objectives are too ambitious for learners. If so, the learners initial language competence may be overestimated. For example, a teacher designs a syllabus by analysing students needs. Students are expected to present written work and make an oral presentation in accurate English. After teaching, the teacher may find that serious weakness in grammar leads to unclearness of students oral presentation. Although the course contains the objectives of achieving certain level of accuracy and fluency, perhaps students achieve more on either one of them, and then students will require more specific help by teaching both accuracy and fluency used in the context relevant to their needs. The second one is course evaluation by learners. This helps teachers to demonstrate how well the course actually meets a particular educational aim. Therefore, evaluation not only reflects learners performance on accuracy and fluency during the process of learning but also shows how effective students feel the course was. In this case, if they feel the ESP course fails to meet their goal, then there must be something wrong with course design or methodology. It is therefore clear that both learner and course evaluation have a similar function in providing feedback on the ESP course (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987). Moreover, the feedback of the learning outcome is essential not only for students but also for teachers. This is because feedback reflects students learning achievement on accuracy and fluency and the effectiveness of teaching. Therefore, how to evaluate learning and teaching to obtain feedback is important to teachers. In order to find the balance between accuracy and fluency, evaluation and feedback are essential not only at the beginning of the course but also after the instruction. Conclusion In conclusion, although accuracy has been emphasised by many language students, as the three sections mentioned above, it can clearly be seen that both accuracy and fluency are important at different needs for different people of different priorities. Despite the fact that some arguments show that accuracy is essential for learners to acquire linguistic form to produce the language, this is not enough. Fluency is still needed considering the language implementation in an authentic environment. This essay has suggested that both accuracy and fluency are needed in second language acquisition. Whether to focus more on accuracy or fluency depends on learners needs and course objectives. Therefore, language teachers can find the right balance of accuracy and fluency by using an ESP approach to design courses relevant to the needs and objectives. Thus, these courses can maximise the effects of teaching and learning through evaluation and feedback. Although ESP can solve this problem, teachers ability to design the course should be taken into consideration. Therefore, it is suggested that teacher training program is certainly necessary and the real development may be made in the future.

Avenged Sevenfold Essay -- Music

There are two ways to live life, for instance you can live as if nothing is a miracle, or you can live as if everything is a miracle. Be thankful for everything you have and realize the importance of spending as much time as possible with a loved one. There are some things that must be understood about life. For instance there are some things in life that you do not want to happen but no matter how hard you try it still happens. It is tough to get everything you want. You can’t rely on the future because you never know what is coming. The reality is that the future is now, and we create our own as we make critical decisions that can affect us in a positive or in a negative way. We must live in the present, forget about the past and see what the future holds for us. In support of this, the song â€Å"Seize the Day† by Avenged Sevenfold explains the importance of making decisions and how one gnomish decision could affect some ones life dramatically. First of all, the band was formed in 1999 in Orange County, California. The very first album was recorded when the band members were just eighteen years old and in high school. This goes to show that when there is a will, there is a way. This means that when someone is actually willing to do something and committed to doing it, they will do it and will not care what comes their way. The bands name is Avenged Sevenfold in which the name is a reference to the Book of Genesis in the Bible. To be more specific, it comes from Genesis 4:24 where Cain is sentenced to live in exile for murdering his brother. God marked him so that none would kill him on account of his sin, the man who dared to kill Cain would suffer "vengeance seven times over". The abbreviation for Avenged Sevenfold came from... ... for granted. The entire band is trying to make you understand that when you are caught in a drift you have to know what to do or else you will just be carried around everywhere the current takes you. All you have to do is, really think about what you doing and that are if it is the correct chose. The members of the band may not have been the brightest in school academically but they bring to the fans things to think about. This shows that everyone is not what they seem to be sometimes. Behind this musicale, hard core party band, they are really down to earth and know how to make a point in their songs. Now, not all of there songs are this way and not artist write about the same thing, and this is what makes this band different from all the other bands. They take risks on writing songs of uncommon things that no typical rock or alternative band would write about.

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet - Friar Laurence Essay -- Romeo Juliet

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet - Friar Laurence Friar Laurence plays a most intriguing role in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. He is a priest, and a friend to Romeo. With the absence of Montague parental scenes, Friar Laurence also becomes like a surrogate father to Romeo. Romeo seeks him out to marry him and Juliet, obviously assuming that the friar would without parental permission. The friar greets him and addresses Romeo's past love. He even tells Romeo that he mistook what he felt for Rosaline as love when it was not, and therefore not be too haste, " They stumble that run fast" (2.2.94). Therefore, not only has Romeo discussed matters of the heart with the friar, but also the friar himself feels in the position to be able to speak with Romeo on a more personal level. Friar Laurence doubts Romeo's professed love to Juliet and compares it to what Romeo himself swore he felt for Rosaline, "Young men's love then lies/ Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes" (2.2.67-8). Bluntly, yet fatherly, he corrects Romeo's claim of love by saying (in reference to Rosaline), "For doting, not for loving, pupil mine" (2.2.82). Still, he agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet without thinking twice. In fact, his greater preoccupation is not whether or not they truly do love each other, but how their love could end the feud between their families, as he states, "For this alliance may so happy prove/ To turn your households' rancour to pure love" (2.2.91-2). Friar Laurence also doubts Juliet's love for Romeo. Before she even enters the scene the Friar notes that moderate love is best because it does not overwhelm or become consumed by itself as a rash love would (2.5.10-15). Ironically enough Juliet enters the scene "somewhat fast" (... ...ave to face responsibility for his death. Thus, he leaves Juliet alone in a vault filled with dead ancestors, as well as recently dead Romeo and Paris, and she kills herself. This is not say that Friar Laurence does not feel responsible for Romeo and Juliet's deaths, he recounts his tale to the Prince and offer his life as a sacrifice if their deaths are his fault (5.3.228-68). In every step of deceiving Romeo and Juliet's parents, the government, and everyone who thought Juliet to be dead, Friar Laurence was attempting to: end a great feud between two families, help Juliet keep her marriage vows (by helping her out of marrying Paris), keeping Juliet alive, keeping Romeo safe from imprisonment or death, and ultimately, protecting the lovers' love from outside influences. He sees his acts as acts that are working for the greater good, and therefore they are just.

Place Of Woman In A Society

There are two main pillars of human life-man and woman. Both share equal responsibility in the making of society and hence both are supplement to each other. But from the very beginning, there has been a big question mark on the status of women in our society. All talk of their role and responsibility but none care for their position. They have been exploited and ill-treated right from the beginning of the creation. But the reality is something else. Women have been put behind walls from ages. Sati Pratha is the bitter truth which shows to what extent our women folk have been exploited.Child marriage and a contemptuous attitude towards the widows are other examples of woman-exploitation. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first who raised voice against these unhealthy systems prevalent in Indian society. He took up the cause of the women and worked hard to abolish ‘Sati Pratha. ‘ It was due to his courageous work that Indian women dared to come out of Purdah. They got education w hich provided them opportunities to develop themselves at all levels. And in due course they surpassed the men. Today we see women in every field. They are marching shoulder to shoulder in every walk of life.Apart from teaching school children, women are now pilots, receptionists, police officers, doctors, engineers etc. The elevation in the status of the women sometimes creates confusion among us that Sita and Draupadi have born in the The previous condition was due to the lack of education but now the spread of education among women has same country. completely changed the scenario. They are occupying key positions in almost every field of society. Our country is progressing in this way no doubt. But sometimes it appears that over ­exposure of women is a suicidal attack for our future.On the one hand we are not still ready to forget the image of Sita and Savitri and on the other we are tempted to watch the over ­exposed movies on TV screen with the little kids of our family. O ur modern progressive girls are imitating the fashion very fast which is still not acceptable in our society. As a result it creates a lot of problems and crime for which this over-exposure is responsible. It must not be provocative. We must allow women to stand by themselves but they should also be learnt our culture and civilization. â€Å"The hands that rock the cradle the world. † – Napoleon Bonaparte