Drug Abuse In America Essays

Drug Abuse In America Essays Drug Abuse In America Paper Drug Abuse In America Paper The invention of drugs has been one of the best breakthroughs man has ever introduced. It has provided hope and longer life to many individuals who are experiencing certain illnesses or diseases. Without the invention of drugs, many would still be dying from simple diseases. In the past years, developments and innovations have been introduced to drugs thus, now, there are more drugs that are readily available in the market and almost every disease has a corresponding drug to cure it. Gone were the days when only prayers and fervent of hopes of healing serve as the only sources of cure. Man has become more advanced in science and technology and relatively healthier. However, attached with all the advancements in the production of drugs are problems on improper and illegal use. Despite the inclusion of instruction labels and specifications from physicians, there are still many who commit mistakes in properly using drugs and in taking the right dosage. An improper use of drugs may lead to various complications and irritations or even new diseases, thus care must be exercised when using prescribed drugs. Aside from the improper use, there are also those who tend to abuse the use of certain drugs. They get so attached with the substance and gradually become addicted with it. There are also some substances that are specifically created for minimal consumption and taking more than the required dosage may lead to addiction. These drugs are controlled by the state and are not readily given to the patient without the proper prescription; they cannot be purchased over the counter. Despite the regulation on these drugs, there are still those who abuse it and become addicted. Drug Dependence Drug dependence is the compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects. It may come in various forms such as habituation, addiction and tolerance (Microsoft Encarta online Encyclopedia, 2008). There is tolerance when the body has become so familiar with the use of the drug that in order to achieve the pharmacological effect desired, there is a need to increase the dosage. This situation is also worsened when the drug is prescribed to be used for along period of time such as weeks or months. When the body has been accustomed with the drug, withdrawing from use might prove to be a challenge. The patient might experience drug withdrawal effects such as nausea, difficulty in sleeping, restlessness, headaches and sweating. Habitual drug dependence on the other hand is characterized by a continued longing or desire for the drug even if the body no longer needs it. The patient believes that the drug produces a certain kind of happy feeling or elation on his part and non-use of such drug may affect the functioning of his body. Addiction on the other hand is a craving for the drug. The patient fervently believes that the drug is a necessity and his body cannot function normally without it. Commonly abused drugs are categorized in to six groups: hallucinogens, inhalants, cannabis, sedatives of this kind are cocaine and amphetamine drugs. Cocaine is medically used to produce anaesthesia that would be employed in the surgery of the throat and the nose. Amphetamines on the other hand are utilized to treat hay fever and colds. They affect the nervous system, elevate mood, heighten alertness and decrease fatigue. They are also used for the treatment of the sleep order narcolepsy. Hallucinogens are used for dying patients, drug abusers, mentally ill and alcoholics. They are only used occasionally. Tolerance of the drug develops rapidly but not withdrawal syndromes are felt if the use of the drug is discontinued. Among the hallucinogens which were abused widely in the 196s were lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline. Inhalants on the other hand are not actually drugs but substances which are sniffed. The common examples of inhalant are aerosols, glue or gasoline. These substances if smelled, produce slight brain stimulation or unconsciousness, depending on the dosage of the inhalant. Among the common effects of this kind of drug are impaired vision and judgment, and reflex and muscle control. If this kind of drug is used over along a period of time, it may yield to more adverse results such as death and permanent brain damage. Cannabis on the other hand is a kind of drug that comes from plant sources such as marijuana and hashish. Both of these drugs are usually smoked for relaxation, to accelerate the heart beat, heighten the functioning of the senses of hearing, smell, taste and touch. These drugs also have the effect of slowing down time. The effects of this kind of drug vary from the dosage taken and the prevalent circumstances when the substance was consumed. The drug harms the lungs in the same way that tobacco does. It also affects the physical and psychological maturation of the individual infusing it to his system. Sedatives of this kind are valiums, barbiturates and librium. This kind of drug produces dependence from the drug just like dependence from alcohol. Abrupt withdrawal from this kind of drug may cause adverse effects such as convulsions, insomnia, shaking or death (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2008). Signs and Symptoms of Drug Addiction Drug addiction can be seen through several signs and symptoms. Among the indications of addiction to drugs are: increase r decrease in appetite, smell of substance in the hair, clothing or breath of the abuser, extreme activeness or hyperactivity, needle marks, changes in habits, difficulty in paying attention, moodiness, paranoia and unexplained need for money. Other signs include violent temper, suspicious behaviour, change in grooming habits, possession of drug paraphernalia and change in the overall attitude of the individual (Narconon, n. d. ). Reasons of Drug Addiction There are several reasons why people use illegal drugs and abuse legal drugs. The perceived effects generated from these drugs encourage people to try them and experience the desired effect. According to Teens Health (2007), people experiment with drugs which are prescribed because they believe that such drugs can aid them in losing weight, having fun, fitting in and studying effectively. Compared to street drugs, prescription drugs are more often purchased because of the accessibility of buying. Anyone can purchase prescription drug, one only needs to present the prescription mandating the use such drug. Aside from this, many also have the wring notion that prescription drugs are safer because many adults use them. However, prescription drugs are not for everyone’s consumption. These drugs are only safe for those people to whom the drugs are specifically prescribed for because doctors are monitoring the effects of the drugs on the patient. Effects of Drug Addiction There are also health consequences of drug addiction to the drug abuser. Among the consequences are experiencing drug related medical emergencies and mental birth defects or death to the children of women who are abusing drugs while they are pregnant. Chronic drug use can also lead to diseases like hepatitis and tuberculosis. Drug users are also more prone to sexually-transmitted diseases because of the high risk sexual behaviour that they exhibit (NCJRS, n. d. ). Abuse of medications does not only affect the individual physically and psychologically but also the society. Most drug users are violent and have a great tendency to commit crimes even if they do not want to. Drug users also experience trouble in school, with friends, at home and with the law. The possibility of committing criminal acts, being a victim thereof or encountering accidents is higher when a person is an illegal drug user or a drug abuser. Based on the data of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), there is an estimated 1. 14 million arrests for the violation of drug laws and the largest percentage of the said arrests pertain to drug possession. Drug tests for arrestees also revealed that most of them are positive for drug use. In a survey conducted among federal detainees, it was discovered that most drug offenders, robbers and burglars in state prisons reported that they are under the influence of drugs when they committed the crime. Statistics of Drug Addiction in the United States In the in the United States, there is substantial variation in the age of the drug users, however, statistics indicate that the there is an increasing number of young people who are getting more hooked with the habit. In 2001, survey shows that 3. 8 percent of youths who are 12 or 13 years old were reported to be using illegal drugs. The age group of youths which registered the most users fall between the ages of 18 to 20 years old (Policy Almanac, 2002).. The most common gender of drug users is male. Among the reported cases, 8. 7 percent are male which 5. 5 percent are female. In terms of race or ethnicity, 7. 2 percent are whites and the same goes true for blacks. The Hispanics constitute 6. 4 percent of the reported cases. Asians and Pacific Islanders have the lowest percentage of drug use in the United States. In terms of education, those who have attained higher education such as those who have completed their tertiary level of education have a lower incidence of drug use as compared to those who are out of school or have attained a lower level education. However, drug use is nearly the same in full-time college students and part-time students. There is also a greater percentage of drug use among the unemployed as compared to those who are employed (Policy Almanac, 2002). Drug addiction is a menace to families and the society. There are so many people who are affected and so many consequences that it yields to. However, the face of all these negative findings about drug addiction, the sale of illegal drugs is still prevalent in the society. There are still more people who are curious to try it or who cannot kill the habit. In the United States, illegal drugs remain available in the market. As compared to the sale of drugs of illegal drugs in the previous decades, there is a higher number of people who are selling illegal drugs. They are more available now than they were in the past years (NCJRS, n. d. ). Drug addicts find too much difficulty removing in their system the abuse of drug substances because of the satisfaction that they are getting from it. They do not realize the repercussions of their actions or even of they do, they do not have the courage or the will power to fight them. In combating the illegal drugs, there have been various laws passed by Congress to stop it. However, these laws seem to be insufficient as it does not actually treat the problem on drug addicts. The proper treatment must be employed so that addicts will be able to reform and be better individuals. If drug addicts are not reformed, they will continually cause menace to the society. Principles of Treatment of Drug Dependents There are various principles of effective treatments for drug addicts. The first principle is no single treatment is appropriate for all individuals. The treatment settings should match the interventions and services designated for the specific problems of the patient. Second, treatment should be available. The individual should be ready for treatment when the treatment is employed. It is important that the patient is ready to be treated so that it can take effect in the proper perspective. Second, treatment should be readily available. The patient’s determination of his readiness to go through trial has no specific period. If there is a period wherein treatment is specifically available, then the patient may not be able to avail healing by the time that he is ready. Third, treatment should be holistic and simply limited to the drug use problem of the individual. The problem of the patient should be seen in relation to his medical records, psychological, social, emotional, and physical needs. It should also address the vocational and legal problems of the patient. In addition, the treatment plan accorded to the patient should be in consonance with his continuously changing needs. The patient should be regularly assessed to determine the factors that should be given attention to. Fourth, adequate duration of time should be allotted for the treatment of the patient. The length of time that the patient has been going through the recovery may affect the results of the healing. Fifth, the plan should include behavioural therapies and counselling to engage the patient in the treatment process. Motivation, building skills in resisting drug use, and replacing the drug abuse and illegal drug use with rewarding non-drug activities. Building the right approach and creating the proper motivation and behavioural skills may prove to be helpful for the patient in combating the temptation of drug use. There should be a strong motivation to continue with the process in order to become effective. Sixth, the patient should be medically detoxified. The treatment should aid the patient in removing in his system the drugs which he abused and help him recover from the symptoms of withdrawal that he is experiencing. However, this process alone is not sufficient for the treatment of the patient (NIDA, 2008). Approaches to Treatment There are various approaches to treatment that are being employed by drug rehabilitation organizations. Among the treatments are the antagonist maintenance treatment, narcotic antagonist treatment, out patient drug-free treatment and long term residential treatment (NIDA, 2008). These approaches are employed depending on the needs of the patient and the result of his medical assessment. Rehabilitation from drug use is dependent on the proper treatment that should be employed. Treatment against illegal drug use and drug abuse should not be merely limited to the medical aspect. The approach should be holistic and should address all issues so that the patient can have a support system that will aid him through the process of change. If only one aspect is addressed, there is a possibility that the patient will not gain full healing and go back to the habit of drug use. Rehabilitation from drug use means erasing the bad habits and creating a new person who can face the challenges of life without depending on drugs. Drug laws and rehabilitation of drug users should have a good understanding of the natured of drug abuse and the elements thereof so that the proper treatment and care will be imposed. There should be an effective intervention developed and a comprehensive research and study on the topic (National Academy Press, 2001). Dealing with drug users is no ordinary task. It involves lives and the reform thereof. References â€Å"America’s Drug Abuse Profile†. (n. d. ). National Criminal Justice and Reference Service. Retrieved 6 September 2008, from ncjrs. gov/htm/chapter2. htm Drug Abuse in America: 2001†. (2002). Policy Almanac. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from policyalmanac. org/crime/archive/drug_abuse. shtml â€Å"Drug Addiction Signs†. (n. d. ). NARCONON. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, addictionca. com/drug-addiction-signs. htm â€Å"Drug Dependence†. (2008). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761560733/Drug_Dependence. html â€Å"Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs†. (2001). National Academy Press. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=10021page=R1 â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse†. (2007). Teen’s Health. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from http://kidshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/drugs/prescription_drug_abuse. html â€Å"Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide†. (2008). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, nida. nih. gov/PODAT/PODAT1. html

Fascinating Facts About Centipedes

Fascinating Facts About Centipedes Centipedes (one hundred legs in Latin) are Arthropods, members of an invertebrate class that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans. All centipedes belong to the class Chilopoda, which includes about 3,300 different species. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, and they have the greatest diversity in shape and configuration in warm and tropical environments. Most centipedes are adapted to burrowing and live in soil or leaf litter, under the bark of trees or beneath stones. Centipede bodies include six head segments (three of which are mouthparts), a pair of poisonous maxillipeds (foot jaws), a variously numbered series of trunk leg-bearing segments, and two genital segments. Their heads have two antennae and a varying number of paired compound eyes (called ocelli). Some cave-dwelling species are blind. Each legged segment is made up of an upper and lower shield covered by a cuticle and separated from the next segment by a flexible membrane. Centipedes periodically shed their cuticle, which allows them to grow. Their body length ranges from 4 to 300 millimeters (.16–12 inches), with most species measuring between 10 and 100 mm (.4–4 in). Centipedes Never Have 100 Legs Though their common name means one hundred legs, centipedes can have significantly more or less than 100 legs- but never 100. Depending on the species, a centipede can have as few as 15 pairs of legs or as many as 191 pairs. Regardless of the species, centipedes always have an odd number of leg pairs, so they never have exactly 100 legs (because 50 is an even number). The easiest way to differentiate centipedes and millipedes  is as follows: Millipedes have two pairs of legs on most body segments, but centipedes always have a single pair of legs per segment. Not sure what youve found? Just count how many pairs of legs are on a segment. The Number of Legs Changes Throughout Their Lives Should a centipede find itself in the grip of a bird or other predator, it can often escape by sacrificing a few legs. The bird is left with a beak full of legs, and the clever centipede makes a fast escape on those that remain. Since centipedes continue to molt as adults, they can usually repair the damage by simply regenerating legs. If you find a centipede with a few legs that are shorter than the others, it is likely in the process of recovering from a predator attack. Though many centipedes hatch from their eggs with a full complement of leg pairs, certain kinds of Chilopods start life with fewer legs than their parents. Stone centipedes (order Lithobiomorpha) and house centipedes (order Scutigeromorpha) start out with as few as 14 legs but add pairs with each successive molt until they reach adulthood. The common house centipede can live as long as five to six years, so thats a lot of legs. Centipedes Are Carnivorous Hunters Though some occasionally scavenge a meal, centipedes are primarily hunters. Smaller centipedes catch other invertebrates, including insects, mollusks, annelids, and even other centipedes. The larger tropical species can consume frogs and small birds. The centipede usually wraps itself around the prey and waits for the venom to take effect before consuming its meal. A centipedes first set of legs are venomous fangs, which they use to inject paralyzing venom from a gland into prey. These special appendages are known as forcipules and are unique to centipedes. Large poison claws partially cover the mouthparts and form part of the feeding apparatus. The last pair of legs are not used for locomotion either but vary in use by species, some for defensive or sensory functions, or prey apprehension, and some for courtship. People Keep Centipedes as Pets Although there are centipede breeders, most centipedes sold in the pet trade are wild-caught. The most commonly sold for pets and zoological displays are giant centipedes from the Scolopendra genus. Pet centipedes are kept in terrariums, with a large surface area, minimum 60 centimeters (24 inches) square for larger species. They require a built substrate of soil and coconut fiber for burrowing, and they can be fed pre-killed crickets, cockroaches, and mealworms weekly or biweekly. They always need a shallow dish of water. Centipedes are aggressive, venomous, and potentially dangerous for humans, especially children. Centipede bites can cause skin damage, bruising, blisters, inflammation, and gangrene. The enclosures should be escape proof, and although centipedes cant climb smooth glass or acrylic, dont provide them a way to climb to reach the lid. They required a minimum humidity of 70 percent; rainforest species need more. Appropriate ventilation can be provided with a grid cover and small holes on the side of the terrarium, but be sure the holes are too small for the centipede to crawl through. Temperate species like it between 20 and 25 C (68–72 F), tropical between 25 and 28 C (77–82.4 F). Dont worry if you dont see your pet centipede out during the day: Centipedes are night creatures and do their hunting after dark. Living With a Centipede Compared to most arthropods, centipedes are relatively long-lived. It is not unusual for a centipede to live for two to three years, and some survive longer than five years. Centipedes continue to molt and grow as adults, unlike insects, which complete their growth when they reach adulthood. You probably wouldnt expect a centipede to be a good mother, but a surprising number of them dote on their offspring. Female soil centipedes (Geophilomorpha) and tropical centipedes (Scolopendromorpha) lay an egg mass in an underground burrow. The mother wraps her body around the eggs, and remains with them until they hatch, protecting them from harm. With the exception of the slow-moving soil centipedes, which are built to burrow, Chilopods can run fast. A centipedes body is suspended in a cradle of long legs. When those legs start moving, this gives the centipede more maneuverability over and around obstacles, as it flees predators or chases prey. The tergites- the dorsal surface of the body segments- may also be modified to keep the body from swaying while in motion. Centipedes Prefer Dark and Moist Environments Arthropods often have a waxy coating on the cuticle to help prevent water loss, but centipedes lack this waterproofing. Most centipedes live in dark, moist environments, like under leaf litter or in damp, rotting wood. Those that inhabit deserts or other arid environments often modify their behavior to minimize the risk of dehydration. They may delay activity until seasonal rains arrive, or when the humidity rises, for example, and diapause during the hottest, driest spells. Sources Capinera, John L. Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media, 2008. Print.Chiariello, Thiago M. Centipede Care and Husbandry. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 24.3 (2015): 326-32. Print.Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). Annual Review of Entomology 52.1 (2007): 151-70. Print.Triplehorn, Charles A., and Norman F. Johnson. Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.Undheim, Eivind A. B., and Glenn F. King. On the Venom System of Centipedes (Chilopoda), a Neglected Group of Venomous Animals. Toxicon 57.4 (2011): 512-24. Print.

Social Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Problems - Essay Example In this way, the competing views of societal understanding as compared to medical science can be understood as a function of how they share vastly different views on the same topic. Of course, prior to beginning an analysis of how the medical community, evidenced by this particular article, views drug addiction, it is necessary to point out that neither science nor society behave as a singular entity. What is meant by this is that although prevailing views exist within each group, neither one can be categorically defined as all believing a certain way with reference to a certain issue. In this way, the views and opinions that will be discussed within this brief analysis will be from the point of view that the author has interpreted the majority of society and the medical/scientific community to espouse these views. Obviously, this means that there are elements of both groups that do not subscribe to these prevailing theories or their derivatives. Firstly, it should be understood that the prevailing view in society is that drug use and abuse is something that afflicts â€Å"weak† individuals; or those that simply cannot â€Å"say no to drugs†. In this way, a theory develops in which society views the entire drug use/abuse dynamic in a way that simply dismisses the issue as something that can be defined by an overall lack of willpower. This lack of willpower is further illustrated, so they believe, by the fact that not only could the drug user have the moral fiber to resist the drug in the first place, they additionally cannot find within themselves the courage and perseverance to put the drug away once they are hooked on it. This failure to understand the chemical dependencies that help to define drug abuse for the tens of thousands of individuals who suffer from this on a daily basis is quite an oversight. Although

EPILEPSY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

EPILEPSY - Essay Example The epilepsy happens when the electrical impulses bursting in brain escapes their normal limits. The electricity impulses can be transferred muscles resulting in convulsions and twitches. However the cause of epilepsy in many people is unknown. There are many types of seizures like idiopathic, generalized and partial epilepsy. As per, Better Health ( 2013) â€Å"Epilepsy is a condition that affects the brain and causes repeated seizures, also known as â€Å"fits†. Epilepsy is a common occurrence in UK and children with this disease encounter learning problems usually with writing, reading and comprehension. They may also need extra help with everyday skill. Many children and adults do not achieve much with epilepsy and the life is difficult when it comes to studies or work. This assignment looks at the role of adult, mental and child nursing in supporting the epilepsy patient and the cultural and psychological effect of the disease on the individual and family. This topic was chosen because epilepsy has an adverse effect on the patient and family members. There is lot of stigma around this disease and also patients experience disability. The seizures give rise to neurological disturbance and burden on family members. They also face problem in life as unemployment, educational disability and poor health. In UK, epilepsy is a common condition among children and adult. In a year, more than thousands of people die because of epilepsy. As per, Epilepsy Action ( 2012) â€Å"In 2009, 1,150 people died in the UK because of epilepsy, and most of these deaths were associated with seizures. The principal cause of seizure-related death is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, accounting for an estimated 500 deaths each year†. The epilepsy has different effect on people and culture has certain significance to the disease onset. In UK, people lead a stressful life and it can contribute to the onset of disease. Also certain people are highly influenced to drugs and

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

Winston Smith's Downfall In the repressive society of Oceania in 1984, Winston Smith lived a restricted life in which all activities were aimed towards the good of the Party. Political and intellectual freedom were completely non-existent. With no laws separating right from wrong, the whole population lived in fear, which resulted in easy control by the government. People who broke the law by committing "thoughtcrime" were dealt with by the Thought Police and were either "vaporized" or sent for rehabilitation at the dreaded Ministry of Love. The only kind of emotion the people were allowed to show was love for the Party; love was not permitted between husband and wife and minimally between parents and children. The children of this time were horrible, indoctrinated completely on the goodness of the Thought Police and Big Brother. Mandatory children's groups, The Spies, encouraged children to turn their parents in if they were caught committing thoughtcrime. The English language was being destroyed by the Party, who's language, Newspeak was beginning to become used more frequently. The object of Newspeak was to reduce the number of words in one's vocabulary, therefore reducing one's opportunity to have free thought. At the Ministry of Truth, Newspeak words were being used to transform all literary works of the past into an acceptable state for the present. It was factors such as these that prompted the intellectual rebellion and desire for knowledge w...

Milk and Dairy Products Essay

1-Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the best basis of energy for the body. They made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The main group of carbohydrate in foods are sugar, starches and cellulose. We can find Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, bread, pasta and cereals. The Carbohydrate make people fat, and they are the most source of energy for body. 2-Fats: Fats are complex of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We need fat for hormone metabolism, to have healthy skin and hair, it also helps to, repair the tissue .it helps to shape to your body. Sometimes it helps to protect the organs which are inside the body like kidneys. The main two types of fats are saturated and unsaturated. You can find saturated fat in animal products like, milk, cheese, meat with fat, cream†¦.fat is the important source of calories and energy for body also it could be so dangerous for your health if you use it too much.fat provide healthier skin and helps the body to use vitamins like A, D E and K because these are fat soluble. 3-Proteins: Proteins are built up longs chain of amino acids. We have got two types of amino acids essential and non-essential amino acids and both of them are necessary for body. We have got two types of protein, animal protein and plant protein. You can find the best source of protein in fish, meat and dairy produce, cereals, rice and eggs†¦ Some of your hormones, organs and muscles are made up with protein, and the most responsibility for protein is delivering the oxygen to blood cells. Also protein is needed for growing and repairing tissue and replacement. 4-Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals are nutrients which your body require to grow and develop normally.Vitamins are very important for body they help enzyme to work properly, we have two different type of vitamins: water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble (A, D, E and K).body can’t make the vitamins so we need to get this from the food because it is necessary for body. We need vitamin A to have healthy eyes; this vitamin is necessary for body growth and repair. They are important to have healthy life, too little amount of vitamins cause health problems also too much of vitamins cause of some disease. Minerals: you can find minerals in earth and sea. they can be found in water, root plants and animals. Some of them are needed for body like iron, magnesium, zinc, aluminium, calcium,†¦ For example we need iron to make homeoglobine, and calcium is required for healthy teeth and skin and bones. Amounts needed for most of minerals are very small and too much amounts can be to xic to your body. 5-Water: The most important nutrient in your body is water, your body is mostly made up from water, more than half of your body weight is water, you can live for many days without food but you can’t be alive without water more than a few days.It transmits oxygen and nutrients into all your cells. Also helps control your body temperature. It also helps to your metabolism work properly. We need to drink six or eight glasses of water a day. If the urine is dark in colour, this means that you need to increase your fluid levels. Illness and fever also increase your water necessity, and water replacement is necessary part of much medical treatment P2: Identify different dietary needs at each life stage Infancy (0-3years) The babies only need milk to get the nutrients and breast milk is the best food for them because it contains all nutrients the baby needs. Some mothers are not able to breastfeed so they can feed by cow’s milk but this must be sterilized to prevent infection. Before six months we just suggest rice, other cereal grains like oats, wheat, and barely can be given after six months. For the first few months of their life they get all of the nutrients he needed from their mother’s milk. However, babies are growing very quickly, and at about 6 months of age breast milk could no longer meet all they needs, they have to give them solid foods. We should be careful not to give them too many foods high in salt and sugar. Solid foods provide extra energy and nutrients which are needed at this time like Iron and Zinc. You can give them one new food at a time and wait two or three days to see the reaction and find out if they have any allergy or also you can see how well the new food is digested. By about 12-18 months the toddler can eat the same food as the rest of the family, with less salt or sugar. Try to give those different fruit and vegetable as they all have different nutrients and also include some at each meal and offer them as snacks. Make sure your toddler get enough calories. For children between 1 – 3 years old energy requirements increases because children are more active and growing rapidly. Protein requirements do not increase much. Vitamins need to be increased. They need slightly lower amount of calcium and iron. They need more mineral at this stage. Childhood (4-10 years) In this stage the children are very active. Many children, especially those who are not physically active, tend to eat too many calories. Children aged 2 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 to 10 years require approximately 1300, 1800, and 2000 calories, respectively. In these ages they need to eat healthy food like fish, meat, pasta, eggs, and potato, they should not eat too many crisp fizzy drinks sweets and biscuits because these cause tooth problems and obesity. Protein is necessary for body growth, so protein requirements for children are higher than for adults. They should take full fat milk and skimmed milk should not be given to children under 5 years of age. After the age of 4 children need more energy and protein, most vitamins and all the minerals except iron. Vitamin C remains the same as they were younger. By the age of 7 – 10 years old their energy and protein intake still increases the requirement for most vitamins and minerals increased except vitamin A and C. dairy products should be mixed up in diet to boost calcium intake for strong bones. We have to give them vitamin D because it helps them to build strong bones and teeth. Adolescence (11-18years): When the children get to ages between 11 – 14 years they need more energy and their protein requirement increases by %50. At the age of 11 vitamin and mineral requirement differs for boys and girls. Boys need more vitamin and mineral but there is no change for some of the vitamins. Girls have to take minerals and iron when the menstruation starts. Between the age of 15 – 18 boys need more energy and protein. They need more B vitamins, C, A and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, zinc and iodine. They need high amounts of calcium because of their skeletal development. Requirement for some B vitamins like B1, B3, B6, C and some minerals like magnesium, potassium and iodine. Boys and girls have the same requirement for B12 and vitamin C, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Girls need more iron but lower requirement for zinc and calcium. Teenagers should be pushed to choose a mixture of foods from the other basic food groups: A lot of starchy carbohydrates – bread, rice, pasta, breakfast cereals, and potatoes. Plenty of fruit and vegetables, Two to three portions of dairy products, like milk, yoghurt and pasteurised cheeses, Two servings of protein, such as meat, fish, eggs, beans and pulses. Many teenagers, mainly girls, don’t get enough iron in their diet, so we should make sure they get plenty of meat, fish and leafy green vegetables. Protein is important, especially during a teenager’s growth spurt, as is calcium and vitamins C and D. Because they are so active, they need lots of energy in their diet. Foods like pasta and bread are good foods as they are high in carbohydrate. Adulthood (19- 65years): In adulthood age 19 – 50 years the energy requirement is less for both women and men, because they are not as physically active as they were and their metabolic rates slow down. Their requirement for calcium is lower Women start losing calcium from bones during and after the beginning of menopause for about five years, after which the rate of calcium loss is reduced until about age seventy-five or eighty. So, it is important for women to eat foods high in calcium up to the age of thirty-five, also women need less magnesium and men need lower amount of iron. Their requirement for protein and most of vitamins and minerals remain the same in comparison to adolescents. Best recommend for food could be: Whole, enriched, and fortified grains and cereals like brown rice and 100% whole wheat bread, vegetables such as carrots and broccoli, low- and non-fat dairy products like yogurt and low-lactose milk, dry beans and nuts, fish, lean meat and eggs, fluid intake (water is best).women have to increase iron to their diet. They should not eat too many high fat foods. Old age (+ 65years): After the age of 65 we need less energy because people get less active after this age. Men need less protein than women and their requirements for vitamins and minerals stay the same for both men and women as it was in their adulthood. After the menopause, women need less iron. The reduction in energy needs, coupled with unchanged requirement for vitamins and minerals means that the nutrient density of the diet becomes more important. Nutrient density means the quantity of vitamins and minerals in relation to the amount of energy supplied by the foods and drinks consumed. With the advancement of age, the capacity to digest and eating large meals often decreases. So, the amount of food given at a time needs to be decreased. If required number of meals can be increased as per the individual’s tolerance. They should avoid food rich in fat, cholesrtol and animal fats, especially saturated fats, because they cause some cardio-vascular disease. They can use sunflower oil or soya bean oil to prevent heart disease. It’s better to add vitamin D to their diet.also they have to eat foods which are easy to digest, and eats plenty of fibre P3: explain two medical conditions related to unbalanced diets: You are a key worker at Happy Day Nursery in Sutton. You are looking after two children who recently joined the nursery. Aisha is 4 years of age and she is severely overweight and you are discussing Aisha’s dietary needs with her parents.Shareef is 3 years of age and suffers from anemia.Explain the two medical condition related to unbalanced diets: Obesity: Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Aisha is a person considered obese because she has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or more. The problems can cause by obesity is like difficulty breating, difficulty walking or running, increase sweating, high cholesterol†¦ She has to reduce fat intake and sugary food stuff .It helps in reducing a lot of calories and, in turn her weight. She has to select foods with low, light or reduced calories or fat, including milk products. Also she needs to take foods that include starches and dairy products She has to take plenty of vegetables, fruits, grain products and whole grains each day. Dairy products should not be missed out. Low-fat, no-fat and reduced-fat milk, yogurts, cheese, ice creams and many other such products available in the market provide a good taste of things to the dieters. With proper nutrition, exercises and support Aisha can lose weight and develop healthy habits for her life. Over nutrition results from eating too much, eating too many of wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacement. Tooth decay is a symptom of malnutrition. The enamel of the teeth can be dotted with white patches. The bone and teeth become easily breakable. Tooth decay is one of the most common of disorders. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most important causes of teeth loss in younger people. Anaemia: Anaemia is a lack of red blood cells. Anaemia can be described as the loss of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen to the various part of our body. Decrease in red blood cells means decrease in the carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia is primarily the result of nutritional deficiency in our body. The most common symptoms of anaemia are weakness, breathlessness, lack of energy, depression, numbness, tingling sensation, irritability and memory loss. A person with anaemia will feel tired and week because the body’s tissues are being starved oxygen. In fact weakness is the main symptoms of most types of anaemia. Mild anaemia can occur without symptoms and may detect only during a medical exam that includes a blood test. Weakness, fainting, breathlessness, heart palpitations (rapid or irregular beating), dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, abnormal menstruation are symptoms of anaemia. A proper, well balanced diet is very beneficial for anaemic people. They have to include cereals, rice, pasta, dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese), dry beans, eggs, vegetables and fruits, meat, poultry, fish and nuts. Beet root is one of the best home solutions for anaemia you can eat them as a cooked vegetable or in salad or even beet root juice for the purpose. Also the good sources of iron are: Liver, green leafy vegetables, beets, dried fruits, brown flakes, brown rice, raisins and prunes. While anaemic people are recommended to have food reach in iron content, vitamin C is required for the absorption of iron. Include citrus fruits like orange and lemon to your diet. Anaemia affects all population groups. However the most susceptible groups are pregnant women and young children. In pregnant women the baby needs extra iron so that the baby has a sufficient blood supply and receives all of the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Low birth weight in infants, young children and women of child bearing age are particularly at risk of anaemia. Women of child bearing age need to absorb 2-3 times the amount of iron required by men or older women. Lack of folic acid, vitamin A or B12 is the case of anaemia in people who are living in developing country. M1: Discuss how to components of a balanced diet contribute to an individual’s health at different life stage: In infancy a baby’s kidneys are not as yet developed strongly enough to hold the high protein and mineral content fully until that age, the same applies to solid foods. After 6 months we can add some solid food to their diet because they are ready to digest the food. During childhood, children’s food needs change usually, depending on their growth and their stage of physical activity and energy needs, a child’s full protein, vitamin and mineral requirements boost with age. Perfectly, children should be building up stores of nutrients in preparation for the quick growth experienced during adolescence. In adulthood they need to eat more fruits and vegetables the good source to take vitamins, minerals and fibre which also help prevent heart diseases, cancers and many health conditions that come up with age, it is encouraged that eat 5 portions of fruit or vegetables each day. Elderly adults should eat a well-balanced diet and exercise frequently; spend some time outside to make better the vitamin D for healthy skin and bones; limit fat and sugar eating such as cakes biscuits and so on; eat foods high in fibre to help bowel health; reduce on salt; eat from a wide range of food and to share mealtimes with friends and family, The amount of food may cut because of the advancing of age effects the capacity to digest food and tolerate large meals. Task2 P4: Identify two service users with specific dietary needs: You are working as a nurse in St.Helier Hospital. You are looking after several patients. One of your patients, Mr.Abdi Hailu suffers from a coronary heart disease. Another patient, Miss Talia Kaunu is lactose intolerant. Identify two service users with specific dietary needs. Mr.Abdi Hailu: Mr Abdi has got Coronary heart disease. It is a narrowing of the blood vessels that provide oxygen and blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of illness and death. Coronary heart disease is generally make happen by atherosclerosis – when plaque gather on the artery walls, make them to narrow, resulting in less blood run to the heart. Sometimes a clot may form which can stop the flow of blood to heart muscle. Coronary heart disease normally causes chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack and other symptoms. So he should change his diet to prevent other damage to the heart. He has to eat lots of fruits and vegetables during the day. Decrease the amount of salt in his food and add some nuts and seeds to their diet and decrease the amount of fat in their diet. Therefor he has to change his life style like stop smoking, have some exercise during the day, have healthy diet and don’t be in stress and reduce emotional. Miss Talia Kaunu: Miss Talia is not able to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and milk products. It is caused by lack of lactose in her body. So she is not supposed to eat milk and she has to find some alternative like yoghurt and cheese. she might feel uncomfortable after having milk and milk products. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea. The best management for this situation is: she has to slowly put in small amounts of food and drinks which include lactose to determine the tolerance level or she can drink milk with a meal or with other food. Also there is some lactose enzyme in tablet form; she can take them before eating. When she doesn’t drink milk it can lead her to lack of calcium, vitamin D and protein, so she should find new way to get these, she can take calcium supplements and drink orange juice and have some food which have more calcium, dark green vegetables like spinach and fish with soft bones such as salmon and sardines are high in calcium.

Relations Between Spain and Indigenous People - 1537 Words

Relations between the Spanish and the Indigenous peoples Spanish colonization started in 1492 when Cristoforo Colombo, Christopher Columbus, arrived in the West Indies .1 Even though Columbus was on route to find a easier, quicker route to India, he stumbled upon an unknown land full of exotic new people, plants, and animals. Columbus was the first Spanish American to come to America, but many more Spanish explorers would follow after him; including Cortes, Aguirre, and Pizarro. The Spanish seemed to be fascinated with what riches the new land would provide them. Their lust for the new goods made them ambitious, selfish, and untrustworthy. They couldnt even trust each other, never mind culturally different people. From the beginning†¦show more content†¦11Aguirre is consumed with fame and riches. It is shown when the expedition team first came upon some native people. . The first thing they do is rip the gold-like necklace from them and ask where the material came from.. He was so worked up about finding fame and fortune, that he did not care about the fact that his men were starving or sickly. Aguirres loss of reason started from the beginning when he realized the expedition was out in uncharted territory and he started thinking about Cortess so-called conquest of Mexico. He related his expedition with Cortess and thought he could get fame by conquering the native people and taking over the land. . One slave even says, all of us will gain something, and perhaps I will even be free.12 Aguirre kills his own men by negligence and continues on alone for the city of El Dorado where he will find his fame. Even though greed and wealth helps explain why the relations deteriorated between the Spanish and the Natives the other factor that helped contribute to the deterioration was the religious one. From the beginning of the Spanish colonization one of their primary goals was to convert the savages to Catholicism. 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